Promises and challenges of alloy-type and conversion-type anode materials for sodium–ion batteries

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as one of the most promising candidates for competing with lithium-ion batteries owing to significant natural abundance of sodium and similar reaction mechanism. The large radius of Na + (1.02 Å) severely impedes the electrochemical performance, especially high-rate capability and long-cycle stability of SIBs. Together with the cathode and electrolyte, the anode determines full battery's operating voltage and plays a vital role in avoiding sodium dendrite in terms of redox potential. On this account, the anode holds a prime importance toward the development of advanced SIBs with high rate capability and superior durability. Herein, we present a review on the exciting advances in alloy-and conversion-type anode materials as well as solid-electrolyte interphase layer for SIBs aiming at the improvement of rate capability and cycling life. Finally, the challenges and some of the critical issues in alloy-type and conversion-type anode materials for sodium-ion batteries are addressed.

Si and Ge‐Based Anode Materials for Li‐, Na‐, and K‐Ion Batteries: A Perspective from Structure to Electrochemical Mechanism

“…For Na a lower quantity of oxygenated or organic species is found, being mainly composed of Na 2 CO 3 and alkyl carbonates ROCO 2 . Since the Lewis acidity of Na is lower than Li, the coulombic interaction of Na + ions with negatively charged species or lone pairs is weaker, as a result the solubility of the electrolyte decomposition products is higher for NIB . Therefore the use of additives is crucial to avoid further SEI dissolution and electrolyte decomposition .…”

Advances in sodium secondary batteries utilizing ionic liquid electrolytes

“…These have been summarised in several review articles. [349][350][351] Most of these studies adopted organic electrolytes, and there is a very limited number of reports using ILs. This section addresses the reports on alloy-based materials with ILs.…”

Effect of Germanium Incorporation on the Electrochemical Performance of Electrospun Fe2O3 Nanofibers-Based Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…Iron (III) oxide that stores sodium ions via the widely agreed Fe 2 O 3 + 6 Na + + 6 e − 3 Na 2 O + 2 Fe 0 conversion mechanism [34,35] has received noticeable attention due to its relevant theoretical specific capacity (1005 and 926 mAhg −1 for its αand γ-phase, respectively [35]), large abundance, environmental friendliness and non-toxicity [35][36][37]. Nanostructure engineering has been proved to be a viable strategy to cope with detrimental effects of the large volume change experienced during Na + intercalation/de-intercalation [35,38].…”