Prolonged striatal disinhibition as a chronic animal model of tic disorders

Vinner, Esther; Israelashvili, Michal; Bar‐Gad, Izhar

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.003

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In many cases, the functionality of primitive sensorimotor reflexes in Parkinson's disease patients is correlated with increases in cognitive impairment, suggesting a decreased ability to exert top-down control over unconscious behavior (Vreeling et al, 1993). In addition, there is evidence that abnormal inhibition in the striatum of the basal ganglia is associated with the conscious compulsions reported in tic disorders such as Tourette's syndrome (Vinner et al, 2017). Taken together, this evidence suggests that the basal ganglia comprise an important instrument for conscious top-down control over the central nervous system that could offer a number of potential benefits to a neurocognitive system, including a mechanism for biasing attractor landscapes like those used in GALIS toward reward associated trajectories (goal-directed behavior) and controlling the maintenance and capitulation of salient states (working memory).…”

Section: Neurocomputational Implementation Of Top-down Gatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humanoid Cognitive Robots That Learn by Imitating: Implications for Consciousness Studies

2018

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While the concept of a conscious machine is intriguing, producing such a machine remains controversial and challenging. Here, we describe how our work on creating a humanoid cognitive robot that learns to perform tasks via imitation learning relates to this issue. Our discussion is divided into three parts. First, we summarize our previous framework for advancing the understanding of the nature of phenomenal consciousness. This framework is based on identifying computational correlates of consciousness. Second, we describe a cognitive robotic system that we recently developed that learns to perform tasks by imitating human-provided demonstrations. This humanoid robot uses cause-effect reasoning to infer a demonstrator's intentions in performing a task, rather than just imitating the observed actions verbatim. In particular, its cognitive components center on top-down control of a working memory that retains the explanatory interpretations that the robot constructs during learning. Finally, we describe our ongoing work that is focused on converting our robot's imitation learning cognitive system into purely neurocomputational form, including both its low-level cognitive neuromotor components, its use of working memory, and its causal reasoning mechanisms. Based on our initial results, we argue that the top-down cognitive control of working memory, and in particular its gating mechanisms, is an important potential computational correlate of consciousness in humanoid robots. We conclude that developing high-level neurocognitive control systems for cognitive robots and using them to search for computational correlates of consciousness provides an important approach to advancing our understanding of consciousness, and that it provides a credible and achievable route to ultimately developing a phenomenally conscious machine.

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Section: Neurocomputational Implementation Of Top-down Gatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humanoid Cognitive Robots That Learn by Imitating: Implications for Consciousness Studies

2018

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“…It is the primary target of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the brain, and its activity is strongly modulated by DAergic tone. Disorders of the DA and motor systems, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Tourette's, and many others, result in abnormal network activity within striatum [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Rhythmic activity is observed in both striatal spiking and local field potential, and oscillations in the striatum are correlated with voluntary movement, reward, and decision-making in healthy individuals [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], while disruptions of these rhythms are biomarkers of mental and neurological disorders [1,2,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A biophysical model of striatal microcircuits suggests gamma and beta oscillations interleaved at delta/theta frequencies mediate periodicity in motor control

2020

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Striatal oscillatory activity is associated with movement, reward, and decision-making, and observed in several interacting frequency bands. Local field potential recordings in rodent striatum show dopamine-and reward-dependent transitions between two states: a "spontaneous" state involving β (*15-30 Hz) and low γ (*40-60 Hz), and a state involving θ (*4-8 Hz) and high γ (*60-100 Hz) in response to dopaminergic agonism and reward. The mechanisms underlying these rhythmic dynamics, their interactions, and their functional consequences are not well understood. In this paper, we propose a biophysical model of striatal microcircuits that comprehensively describes the generation and interaction of these rhythms, as well as their modulation by dopamine. Building on previous modeling and experimental work suggesting that striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are capable of generating β oscillations, we show that networks of striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) are capable of generating δ/θ (ie, 2 to 6 Hz) and γ rhythms. Under simulated low dopaminergic tone our model FSI network produces low γ band oscillations, while under high dopaminergic tone the FSI network produces high γ band activity nested within a δ/θ oscillation. SPN networks produce β rhythms in both conditions, but under high dopaminergic tone, this β oscillation is interrupted by δ/θ-periodic bursts of γ-frequency FSI inhibition. Thus, in the high dopamine state, packets of FSI γ and SPN β alternate at a δ/θ timescale. In addition to a mechanistic explanation for previously observed rhythmic interactions and transitions, our model suggests a hypothesis as to how the relationship between dopamine and rhythmicity impacts motor function. We hypothesize that high dopamine-induced periodic FSI γ-rhythmic inhibition enables switching between β-rhythmic SPN cell assemblies representing the currently active motor program, and thus that dopamine facilitates movement in part by allowing for rapid, periodic shifts in motor program execution.

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“…Selecting and generating appropriate motor-actions requires integration of limbic, associative, and sensory information in basal ganglia (BG) circuits (Macpherson et al, 2014) (Hintiryan et al, 2016), a set of phylogenetically old subcortical nuclei (Stephenson-Jones et al, 2011). The importance of these nuclei to action-selection in humans is emphasized by disorders that arise from disrupted components of the BG, such as Parkinson's (Wichmann et al, 2011) (Kravitz et al, 2010), Huntington's (Vonsattel et al, 1985) (Mangiarini et al, 1996), Tourette's Disorder (Leckman et al, 2010) (Vinner et al, 2017), Obsessive-Compulsive (Saxena et al, 2001) (Ahmari et al, 2013) and addiction (Everitt and Robbins, 2005) (Hollander et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Cortical-Thalamic-Striatal Circuits Through the Parafascicular Nucleus

Mandelbaum

Taranda

Haynes

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The thalamic parafascicular nucleus (PF), an excitatory input to the basal ganglia, is targeted with deep-brain-stimulation to alleviate a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms.Furthermore, PF lesions disrupt the execution of correct motor actions in uncertain environments. Nevertheless, the circuitry of the PF and its contribution to action selection are poorly understood. We find that, in mice, PF forms the densest subcortical projection to the striatum. This projection arises from transcriptionally-and physiologically-distinct classes of PF neurons that are also reciprocally connected with functionally-distinct cortical regions, differentially innervate striatum neurons, and are not synaptically connected in PF. Thus, mouse PF contains heterogeneous neurons that are organized into parallel and independent associative, limbic, and motor circuits. Furthermore, these subcircuits share motifs of cortical-PF-cortical and cortical-PF-striatum organization that allow each PF subregion, via its precise connectivity with cortex, to coordinate diverse inputs to striatum.

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Prolonged striatal disinhibition as a chronic animal model of tic disorders

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Humanoid Cognitive Robots That Learn by Imitating: Implications for Consciousness Studies

Humanoid Cognitive Robots That Learn by Imitating: Implications for Consciousness Studies

A biophysical model of striatal microcircuits suggests gamma and beta oscillations interleaved at delta/theta frequencies mediate periodicity in motor control

Distinct Cortical-Thalamic-Striatal Circuits Through the Parafascicular Nucleus

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