Progress and perspectives on alloying-type anode materials for advanced potassium-ion batteries

Recent Developments of Antimony-Based Anodes for Sodium- and Potassium-Ion Batteries

“…Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a reliable database that provides guidance for the effective search of candidate electrode materials and electrolytes; this database will help simplify the subsequent experimental procedures and costs. Moreover, to understand the "black box" mechanisms, researchers need closer in situ analysis methods and more in-depth physical theoretical models to meet this challenge [6,11,[151][152][153]. Recently, widely used in situ techniques (such as in situ Raman spectroscopy, cryo-electron microscopy, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy) have been used to analyze not only the chemical composition of the SEI film but also the distribution of each element.…”

“…Recently, the sodium storage mechanisms of Sb-based materials have been introduced in detail in previous reports. Briefly, metal Sb and sodium can contribute up to a theoretical capacity of 660 mA•h/g, depending on the alloying/ dealloying reaction (Sb + 3Na + + 3e − ↔ Na 3 Sb) [11,[16][17][18]20]. However, the volume of Sb changes sharply (around 390%) during the Na + charge and discharge processes, causing the electrode material to be crushed and fall from the current collector, resulting in irreversible capacity decline.…”

“…Therefore, a formidable challenge for the universal application of SIBs and PIBs is to identify and synthesize practical SIB and PIB anode electrode materials with high energy density and long cycle stability. Various types of anode materials for SIBs and PIBs have been studied in detail, such as carbon materials, metals, metal oxides, alloys, sulfides, selenides, and phosphides [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]; among them, alloy-based materials, which usually show a higher theoretical capacity by virtue of the alloying reaction mechanism (Fig. 1b), have been extensively studied [11,15].…”

“…Various types of anode materials for SIBs and PIBs have been studied in detail, such as carbon materials, metals, metal oxides, alloys, sulfides, selenides, and phosphides [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]; among them, alloy-based materials, which usually show a higher theoretical capacity by virtue of the alloying reaction mechanism (Fig. 1b), have been extensively studied [11,15]. For example, Si-based materials exhibit a relatively high capacity and poor electrical conductivity that limits their inherent advantages.…”

Hybrid nanostructures for electrochemical potassium storage

“…The design of electrode materials should enable high structural stability and fast reaction kinetics and be applicable to various types of potassium batteries, including potassium-ion (KIBs), potassium-sulphur (K-S), and potassium-selenium (K-Se) batteries. The K storage process in these batteries involves intercalation, 13,14 conversion, 15,16 and/or alloying reactions, 17,18 among which all three types of reactions are seen in KIBs and the conversion reaction is specically employed in K-S and K-Se batteries. The intercalation reaction offers good durability with a reasonable storage capacity, whilst the conversion and alloying reactions deliver a high storage capacity but are limited by a poor capacity retention due to the signicant volume change of electrode materials.…”