Programmable logic controllers based systems (PLC-BS): vulnerabilities and threats

Serhane, Abraham; Raad, Mohamad; Raad, Raad; Susilo, Willy

doi:10.1007/s42452-019-0860-2

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The main assumption of the constructed stand was to ensure repeatable and stable values of the parameters important in microscopic thermography. The use of a PLC as an element for controlling and measuring the parameters inside the measuring chamber is another example of the unconventional application of the stand [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Solution for the Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of a Small Object

Hulewicz

Dziarski

Dombek

2021

Sensors

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This article describes the measuring system and the influence of selected factors on the accuracy of thermographic temperature measurement using a macrolens. This method enables thermographic measurement of the temperature of a small object with an area of square millimeters as, e.g., electronic elements. Damage to electronic components is often preceded by a rise in temperature, and an effective way to diagnose such components is the use of a thermographic camera. The ability to diagnose a device under full load makes thermography a very practical method that allows us to assess the condition of the device during operation. The accuracy of such a measurement depends on the conditions in which it is carried out. The incorrect selection of at least one parameter compensating the influence of the factor occurring during the measurement may cause the indicated value to differ from the correct value. This paper presents the basic issues linked to thermographic measurements and highlights the sources of errors. A measuring stand which enables the assessment of the influence of selected factors on the accuracy of thermographic measurement of electronic elements with the use of a macrolens is presented.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Solution for the Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of a Small Object

Hulewicz

Dziarski

Dombek

2021

Sensors

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“…Programmers may unknowingly create backdoors for potential adversaries, or inherit PLC programs with dormant threats due to a lack of professional knowledge and skills. Some common issues include the use of duplicated instructions, snooping, missing certain coils or outputs, and bypassing or denial of service [40], [41]. For instance, the ladder logic program itself is susceptible to malware insertion because it lacks proper authentication before being downloaded into PLCs.…”

Section: ) Vulnerabilities In Plc Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security of Programmable Logic Controllers and Related Systems: Today and Tomorrow

Alsabbagh,

Langendörfer

2023

IEEE Open J. Ind. Electron. Soc.

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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are indispensable in Critical Infrastructures (CIs) and Industrial Control Systems (ICSs). The increasing demand for enhanced cost-effectiveness and production efficiency has driven automation manufacturers to integrate PLC based applications and systems with external networks, such as Internet. Unfortunately, this connectivity has exposed systems to potential malicious attacks from motivated adversaries. Addressing this pressing issue necessitates a comprehensive summary of ongoing research related to PLCs and their related systems. This summary should classify these systems based on disclosed vulnerabilities, potential threats, and proposed security solutions, catering to both scientists and industrial engineers. While several recent surveys have reviewed and discussed PLC security and related topics, they often fell short of covering all essential aspects comprehensively. Furthermore, prior surveys tended to focus on analyzing vulnerabilities at the system level, overlooking the vulnerabilities specific to PLCs themselves. Consequently, their findings failed to effectively secure current operational systems or propose improved solutions for future PLC designs. In this paper, we bridge this research gap by providing a detailed review of all aspects concerning the security of PLCs and related systems. This includes vulnerabilities, potential attacks, security solutions including digital forensics. We aim to offer a precise analysis, addressing the shortcomings of previous studies. Finally, we conclude the paper by presenting our recommendations tailored for PLC manufacturers, researchers and engineers. We hope that these recommendations will contribute to the development of more secure PLCs in the future.

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“…The control system based on PC and PLC is affected by the PLC program scan rate and other factors, which will lead to the instability of the system reliability and the real-time human-computer interaction (Bolton, 2015; Serhane et al , 2019; Gergely et al , 2010). Furthermore, it is difficult to use GPS as a positioning location to meet the requirements of positioning accuracy in applications.…”

Section: Comparative-analysis Of Various Indoor-orbital Electrical In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of indoor-orbital electrical inspection robots in substations

Dong

Liang²,

Li³

et al. 2022

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding about the indoor-orbital electrical inspection robot, which is useful for motivating the further investigation on the inspection of electrical equipment. Currently, electric energy has a strong correlation with the economic development of the country. Intelligent substations play an important role in the transmission and distribution of the electricity; the maintenance of the substation has attracted intensive attention due to the requirement of reliability and safety. The indoor-orbital electrical inspection robot has increasingly become the main tool to realize the unmanned. Hence, a systematic review is conducted systematically reviewing the current technical status of the indoor-orbital electrical inspection robot and discuss the existed problems. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the most essential achievements in the field of indoor-orbital electrical inspection robots were reported to present the current status, and the mechanical structures and key inspective technologies were also discussed. Findings Four recommendations are provided from the analyzed review, which have made constructive comments on the overall structural design, functionality, intelligence and future development direction of the indoor-orbital electrical inspection robot, respectively. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic review study on indoor-orbital electrical inspection robots; it fills the theoretical gap and proffers design ideas and directions for the development of the indoor-orbital electrical inspection robot.

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Programmable logic controllers based systems (PLC-BS): vulnerabilities and threats

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

The Solution for the Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of a Small Object

The Solution for the Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of a Small Object

Security of Programmable Logic Controllers and Related Systems: Today and Tomorrow

A review of indoor-orbital electrical inspection robots in substations

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