Prognostic Value of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Cancers

miRNAs in the Regulation of Cancer Immune Response: Effect of miRNAs on Cancer Immunotherapy

“…The immune system refers to various biochemical processes that protect multiple organs from pathogenic infections, toxins, and cancerous cells [ 108 ]. Apart from the presence of different immune organs such as the thymus and spleen, the immune system is broadly studied under the heading: innate and adaptive immunity, where innate immunity offers the first line of defence [ 109 ]. Innate immunity is considered antigen-independent, affording protection within a short period but devoid of immunogenic memory [ 110 ].…”

The role of mouse models in colorectal cancer research—The need and the importance of the orthotopic models

“…Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major medical concern, being the third most common cancer type and the fourth most common cause of cancer‐related death, accounting for 9% of the total cancer incidence . In spite of the progress in clinical and biological knowledge, CRC remains a main public health issue, and despite the rapid development of treatments in the last years, the mortality rate related to this type of cancer remains high, especially in the advanced stages of disease . About half of the patients with CRC will develop liver metastases, and from that subpopulation only 25% are eligible for surgery with curative intent …”

“…Nowadays it is clear that CRC is a heterogeneous disease that is caused by changes in different complex pathogenic pathways and molecular changes in a multistep carcinogenesis cascade that differ from tumor to tumor and reveal a wide range of clinical behaviors . At a molecular level, CRC is the tip of the iceberg of an intricate and ample array of gene alterations, affecting supramolecular processes …”