Progestin-only oral contraception: A comprehensive review

Physical and Mental Development of Children after Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraception Exposure: A Follow-Up Prospective Cohort Study1

“…Most studies of LNG-EC are concerned with conception efficiency and side effects and include only limited data regarding the outcome of the infants. LNG-EC is considered to have no effects on the developing fetus, if the contraceptive fails and pregnancy occurs [1,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and the only retrospective cohort study specifically examining the effects of LNG-EC on the fetus in cases of contraceptive failure found no differences in neonatal outcomes between 36 women who were exposed to LNG and 80 control women [17]. In China, however, many gynecologists have doubts about the safety of EC in the event of a subsequent pregnancy.…”

“…Although LNG-EC is considered to have no effects on the developing fetus if the contraceptive fails and pregnancy occurs [2,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14], there have been a few studies specifically examining this issue. Some animal studies have indicated a dose-dependent virilization of female fetuses related to LNG's androgenic characteristics [15,16], and human studies have indicated that progestins can exert masculinizing effects on female fetuses, but exposure during the eighth to 10th weeks of gestation and high doses are required [8].…”

In vitro germination and growth of lily pollen tubes is affected by calcium inhibitor with reference to calcium distribution

“…5A and B show FTIR spectra collected from the tip regions of pollen tubes cultured in control and treatment of EGTA and La 3+ , respectively. In the control, wave number 2920 cm À1 corresponds to aliphatic suberin (Zeier et al, 1999), while amide-stretching bands occurred at 1652 and 1540 cm À1 (McCann and Potter, 1994;Sutherland, 1952). The strong absorption at 1743 and 1038 cm À1 is assigned to saturated esters and carbohydrates, respectively (McCann and Potter, 1994;Zeier et al, 1999) (Fig.…”

Orale Kontrazeptiva

“…Die kontrazeptive Wirkung beruhte bei den bisherigen Gestagenpräparaten allein auf lokalen Faktoren und nicht auf einer Ovulationshemmung. Die konventionelle Minipille muss daher sehr regelmäßig und kontinuierlich im 24-h-Rhythmus eingenommen werden [12]. Ein neueres Gestagenpräparat weist zusätzlich eine ovulationshemmende Wirkung auf.…”