Products marketed to promote growth in food-producing animals: Steroid and hormone products

A role for metabolomics in the antidoping toolbox?

“…Several anabolic hormones used for doping purposes are also used in animals for two main (illegal) reasons: (1) farmers feed livestock animals with hormones to improve (counterfeit) the growth rate, biomass production, milk production, and the lean to fat ratio. Anabolic steroids, growth hormones, and β‐agonists such as clenbuterol have been demonstrated to be very effective for these purposes; 88–90 (2) racing animals (horses, dogs, and camels) are doped to gain advantages in racing competitions. ESAs, steroids or stimulants are administered to racing animals to improve (illegally) their performance.…”

A role for metabolomics in the antidoping toolbox?

“…Several anabolic hormones used for doping purposes are also used in animals for two main (illegal) reasons: (1) farmers feed livestock animals with hormones to improve (counterfeit) the growth rate, biomass production, milk production, and the lean to fat ratio. Anabolic steroids, growth hormones, and β‐agonists such as clenbuterol have been demonstrated to be very effective for these purposes; 88–90 (2) racing animals (horses, dogs, and camels) are doped to gain advantages in racing competitions. ESAs, steroids or stimulants are administered to racing animals to improve (illegally) their performance.…”

Metabolic fates of diethylstilboestrol sulphates in the rat

“…It has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in a number of animal species (Umberger, 1975) and its use has been associated with the occurrence of tumours in humans (Herbst et al, 1972).The metabolic fate of diethylstilboestrol has been studied in several animal species (Abou-EI-Makarem et al, 1967) and it has been shown that biliary excretion as a glucuronic acid conjugate represents a major pathway for elimination (Klaasen, 1973). The disulphate ester of diethylstilboestrol, which is approximately half as active as diethylstilboestrol itself with respect to oestrogenic activity (Bishop et al, 1951), has been used as a water-soluble form of the synthetic oestrogen.…”

“…It has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in a number of animal species (Umberger, 1975) and its use has been associated with the occurrence of tumours in humans (Herbst et al, 1972).…”

Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids in Belgian Blue and Holstein cattle: Method development, reference population studies and application to steroid misuse control

“…For metabolites excreted into urine, gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) provides a reliable means to detect the administration of T, bESTR or PROG. Regarding the latter, GC/C/IRMS currently represents the sole tool as this steroid is not administered as an ester …”

“…The TC depends on the administered steroid and epitestosterone (17α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐en‐3‐one, EPIT), etiocholanolone (3α‐hydroxy‐5β‐androstan‐17‐one, ETIO), and one specific androstanediol (5α‐androstane‐3β,17α‐diol, DIOL) are usually considered in cases of T‐applications while for bESTR only the 17α‐estradiol (ESTR) has been considered viable. Similar to human metabolism, pregnanediol (5β‐pregnane‐3α,20α‐diol, PD) is the main metabolite of PROG, as was hypothesized as early as 1975 and was recently proven . Differences between an ERC and a TC are expressed as Δ‐values following Equation : …”

A role for metabolomics in the antidoping toolbox?

“…Several anabolic hormones used for doping purposes are also used in animals for two main (illegal) reasons: (1) farmers feed livestock animals with hormones to improve (counterfeit) the growth rate, biomass production, milk production, and the lean to fat ratio. Anabolic steroids, growth hormones, and β‐agonists such as clenbuterol have been demonstrated to be very effective for these purposes; 88–90 (2) racing animals (horses, dogs, and camels) are doped to gain advantages in racing competitions. ESAs, steroids or stimulants are administered to racing animals to improve (illegally) their performance.…”

Metabolic fates of diethylstilboestrol sulphates in the rat

“…It has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in a number of animal species (Umberger, 1975) and its use has been associated with the occurrence of tumours in humans (Herbst et al, 1972).The metabolic fate of diethylstilboestrol has been studied in several animal species (Abou-EI-Makarem et al, 1967) and it has been shown that biliary excretion as a glucuronic acid conjugate represents a major pathway for elimination (Klaasen, 1973). The disulphate ester of diethylstilboestrol, which is approximately half as active as diethylstilboestrol itself with respect to oestrogenic activity (Bishop et al, 1951), has been used as a water-soluble form of the synthetic oestrogen.…”

“…It has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in a number of animal species (Umberger, 1975) and its use has been associated with the occurrence of tumours in humans (Herbst et al, 1972).…”

Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids in Belgian Blue and Holstein cattle: Method development, reference population studies and application to steroid misuse control

“…For metabolites excreted into urine, gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) provides a reliable means to detect the administration of T, bESTR or PROG. Regarding the latter, GC/C/IRMS currently represents the sole tool as this steroid is not administered as an ester …”

“…The TC depends on the administered steroid and epitestosterone (17α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐en‐3‐one, EPIT), etiocholanolone (3α‐hydroxy‐5β‐androstan‐17‐one, ETIO), and one specific androstanediol (5α‐androstane‐3β,17α‐diol, DIOL) are usually considered in cases of T‐applications while for bESTR only the 17α‐estradiol (ESTR) has been considered viable. Similar to human metabolism, pregnanediol (5β‐pregnane‐3α,20α‐diol, PD) is the main metabolite of PROG, as was hypothesized as early as 1975 and was recently proven . Differences between an ERC and a TC are expressed as Δ‐values following Equation : …”

A role for metabolomics in the antidoping toolbox?

“…Several anabolic hormones used for doping purposes are also used in animals for two main (illegal) reasons: (1) farmers feed livestock animals with hormones to improve (counterfeit) the growth rate, biomass production, milk production, and the lean to fat ratio. Anabolic steroids, growth hormones, and β‐agonists such as clenbuterol have been demonstrated to be very effective for these purposes; 88–90 (2) racing animals (horses, dogs, and camels) are doped to gain advantages in racing competitions. ESAs, steroids or stimulants are administered to racing animals to improve (illegally) their performance.…”

Metabolic fates of diethylstilboestrol sulphates in the rat

“…It has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in a number of animal species (Umberger, 1975) and its use has been associated with the occurrence of tumours in humans (Herbst et al, 1972).The metabolic fate of diethylstilboestrol has been studied in several animal species (Abou-EI-Makarem et al, 1967) and it has been shown that biliary excretion as a glucuronic acid conjugate represents a major pathway for elimination (Klaasen, 1973). The disulphate ester of diethylstilboestrol, which is approximately half as active as diethylstilboestrol itself with respect to oestrogenic activity (Bishop et al, 1951), has been used as a water-soluble form of the synthetic oestrogen.…”

“…It has been shown to have carcinogenic properties in a number of animal species (Umberger, 1975) and its use has been associated with the occurrence of tumours in humans (Herbst et al, 1972).…”

Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids in Belgian Blue and Holstein cattle: Method development, reference population studies and application to steroid misuse control

“…For metabolites excreted into urine, gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) provides a reliable means to detect the administration of T, bESTR or PROG. Regarding the latter, GC/C/IRMS currently represents the sole tool as this steroid is not administered as an ester …”

“…The TC depends on the administered steroid and epitestosterone (17α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐en‐3‐one, EPIT), etiocholanolone (3α‐hydroxy‐5β‐androstan‐17‐one, ETIO), and one specific androstanediol (5α‐androstane‐3β,17α‐diol, DIOL) are usually considered in cases of T‐applications while for bESTR only the 17α‐estradiol (ESTR) has been considered viable. Similar to human metabolism, pregnanediol (5β‐pregnane‐3α,20α‐diol, PD) is the main metabolite of PROG, as was hypothesized as early as 1975 and was recently proven . Differences between an ERC and a TC are expressed as Δ‐values following Equation : …”