Production of Perfluoroalkylated Nanospheres from Buckminsterfullerene

Fagan, Paul J.; Krusic, Paul J.; McEwen, Charles N.; Lazar, Joseph; Parkert, Deborah Holmes; Herron, Norman; Wasserman, E.

doi:10.1126/science.262.5132.404

Cited by 148 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…We demonstrate this in Fig. 1b, where we simulate the expected fringe visibility for large perfluorinated molecules 26 in a conventional TLI. full-width at half-maximum) can the visibility reach significant values.…”

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confidence: 58%

A Kapitza–Dirac–Talbot–Lau interferometer for highly polarizable molecules

et al. 2007

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Research on matter waves is a thriving field of quantum physics and has recently stimulated many investigations with electrons 1 , neutrons 2 , atoms 3 , Bose-condensed ensembles 4 , cold clusters 5 and hot molecules 6 . Coherence experiments with complex objects are of interest for exploring the transition to classical physics 7-9 , for measuring molecular properties 10 , and they have even been proposed for testing new models of space-time 11 . For matter-wave experiments with complex molecules, the strongly dispersive effect of the interaction between the diffracted molecule and the grating wall is a major challenge because it imposes enormous constraints on the velocity selection of the molecular beam 12 . Here, we describe the first experimental realization of a new set-up that solves this problem by combining the advantages of a so-called Talbot-Lau interferometer 13 with the benefits of an optical phase grating.Several methods have been developed in the past for the coherent manipulation of matter waves with de Broglie wavelengths in the nanometre and picometre range. For instance, free-standing material gratings were used in the diffraction of electrons 14 , atoms 15,16 and molecules 5,6,17 . In addition, coherent beam splitting at non-resonant standing light waves, often designated the KapitzaDirac effect, has been observed for all of these species [18][19][20] . Recent implementations of near-field interferometry 13,[21][22][23] underlined the particular advantages of the Talbot-Lau concept for experiments with massive objects: the required grating period scales only weakly (d ∼ √ l) with the de Broglie wavelength, and the design accepts beams of low spatial coherence, which makes high signals possible even for weak sources.A symmetric Talbot-Lau interferometer (TLI) consists of three identical gratings. The first one prepares the transverse coherence of the weakly collimated beam. Quantum near-field diffraction at the second nanostructure generates a periodic molecular density distribution at the position of the third mask, which represents a self-image of the second grating, if the grating separation equals a multiple of the Talbot length L T = d 2 /l. The mask can be laterally shifted to transform the molecular interference pattern into a modulation of the molecular beam intensity that is recorded behind the interferometer.In the established TLI design with three nanofabricated gratings 23 , the molecule-wall interaction with the grating bars imprints a further phase shift ϕ on the matter wave, which depends on the molecular polarizability α, the velocity v z and the distance r to the wall within the grating slit. Because of its strongly nonlinear r-dependence, this interaction restricts the interference contrast to very narrow bands of de Broglie wavelengths, as we show in Fig. 1a for the example of the fullerene C 70 . In this simulation, we use the full Casimir-Polder potential 24 , even though the long-distance (retarded) approximation, decaying as α/r 4 , closely reproduces the results. The sha...

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confidence: 58%

A Kapitza–Dirac–Talbot–Lau interferometer for highly polarizable molecules

et al. 2007

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“…Figure 1 shows an energetically non-relaxed view of the molecule, to illustrate its overall structure and complexity. The molecules [23] were synthesized by one of the authors (P F). The mass of a nanosphere with n=9 side-chains exceeds that of any molecule in all previous slow-beam studies by more than an order of magnitude, and even that of a small protein, such as insulin (m∼5700 amu).…”

Section: A Moleculementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used an Extrel quadrupole mass spectrometer with electron energy of E kin =40..70 eV which allows to detect molecules with masses up to 9000 amu. We here report on the first on electron impact ionization for detecting those large perflouroalkylated molecules [23]. For the mass spectrum shown in Figure 2 a) the spectrometer was optimzed to the signal of nanospheres with n=7 side-chains (see discussion below).…”

Section: B Beam Machinementioning

confidence: 99%

Slow beams of massive molecules

et al. 2007

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Slow beams of neutral molecules are of great interest for a wide range of applications, from cold chemistry through precision measurements to tests of the foundations of quantum mechanics. We report on the quantitative observation of thermal beams of perfluorinated macromolecules with masses up to 6000 amu, reaching velocities down to 11 m/s. Such slow, heavy and neutral molecular beams are of importance for a new class of experiments in matter-wave interferometry and we also discuss the requirements for further manipulation and cooling schemes with molecules in this unprecedented mass range.

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“…While there is limited literature concerning perfluorinated alkylation of carbon nanomaterials [7], Hirsch and coworkers have derivatized SWNTs with perfluorooctyl groups via UV photolysis of perfluorooctyl iodide [8]. However, the resulting R F -SWNTs showed no solubility enhancement, and product characterization was limited to 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radical addition of perfluorinated alkyl iodides to multi-layered graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes

et al. 2010

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A simple one-pot reaction that serves to functionalize graphite nanosheets (graphene) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with perfluorinated alkyl groups is reported. Free radical addition of 1-iodo-1H,1H,2H, 2H-perfluorododecane to ortho-dichlorobenzene suspensions of the carbon nanomaterial is initiated by thermal decomposition of benzoyl peroxide. Similarly, UV photolysis of 1-iodo-perfluorodecane serves to functionalize the carbon materials. Perfluorododecyl-SWNTs, perfluorododecyl-graphene, and perfluorodecyl-graphene are characterized by infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The products show enhanced dispersability in CHCl 3 as compared to unfunctionalized starting materials. The advantage of this one-pot functionalization procedure lies in the use of pristine graphite as starting material thereby avoiding the use of harsh oxidizing conditions.

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Production of Perfluoroalkylated Nanospheres from Buckminsterfullerene

Cited by 148 publications

References 21 publications

A Kapitza–Dirac–Talbot–Lau interferometer for highly polarizable molecules

A Kapitza–Dirac–Talbot–Lau interferometer for highly polarizable molecules

Slow beams of massive molecules

Radical addition of perfluorinated alkyl iodides to multi-layered graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes

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