“…High costs associated with production methods have, however, previously limited a more widespread use of PHA (Bengtssona et al, 2010). In recent years, research has focused on the development of alternative cost-effective processes for PHA production, including the use of low value substrates (agricultural or industrial waste or surplus feedstocks) (Aragão et al, 2009;Dalcanton et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2008;Reddy et al, 2003), mixed microbial cultures (reviewed by Dias et al, 2006;Serafim et al, 2008), and the development of efficient cultivation strategies, among which are cultures for high cell density production in the shortest time (Kulpreecha et al, 2009;Ahn et al, 2001;Khanna and Srivastava, 2005).…”