Processing of three-dimensional microscopic X-ray fluorescence data

Tracking ink composition on Herculaneum papyrus scrolls: quantification and speciation of lead by X-ray based techniques and Monte Carlo simulations

“…1A as well, is revealed. From this map, two average XRF spectra were extracted, by summing the pixel spectra corresponding to i) the writing using K-means clustering 23 and visually comparing the clusters to the XRF distribution images, ii) the papyrus alone, excluding the written areas. The qualitative comparison of these two spectra reveals an increased concentration in Pb, Al and P in the written area, which is also observable on the XRF map ( Supplementary Figure S1 ).…”

“…XRF spectra were processed using PyMCA 37 as well as the AXIL and IDL based Microxrf2 software packages 38 39 . Pixels contributing to the writing on the papyrus were isolated using K-means clustering routines, as incorporated in the Microxrf2 software 23 .…”

Tracking ink composition on Herculaneum papyrus scrolls: quantification and speciation of lead by X-ray based techniques and Monte Carlo simulations

“…1A as well, is revealed. From this map, two average XRF spectra were extracted, by summing the pixel spectra corresponding to i) the writing using K-means clustering 23 and visually comparing the clusters to the XRF distribution images, ii) the papyrus alone, excluding the written areas. The qualitative comparison of these two spectra reveals an increased concentration in Pb, Al and P in the written area, which is also observable on the XRF map ( Supplementary Figure S1 ).…”

“…XRF spectra were processed using PyMCA 37 as well as the AXIL and IDL based Microxrf2 software packages 38 39 . Pixels contributing to the writing on the papyrus were isolated using K-means clustering routines, as incorporated in the Microxrf2 software 23 .…”

Selenium Preferentially Accumulates in the Eye Lens Following Embryonic Exposure: A Confocal X-ray Fluorescence Imaging Study

“…There are several advantages to this approach. Confocal geometry leads to an increase of signal-to-background ratio, as the polycapillary rejects emission or scatter originating from outside of the confocal volume. − In addition, it allows the selection of a specific plane within an intact, unsectioned object, rather than measuring fluorescence from every point in the trajectory of the incident beam. − Our ability to use the intact zebrafish sample enabled us to avoid sample sectioning, which is necessitated for optimum spatial resolution in conventional XFI. It also allowed the possibility of investigating a generic volume element anywhere in the sample.…”

Three‐dimensional density measurements of ultra low density materials by X‐ray scatter using confocal micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

“…Finally, a future instrument should be able to collect full spectral data at each point in all three dimensions. With this capability, chemometrics in 3D is possible . Not only would images be created that indicated where each of the elements is located but also maps based on the location of (co‐location for example) Ca‐P versus Ca‐S would be generated, adding another synergistic level of information.…”

Tracking ink composition on Herculaneum papyrus scrolls: quantification and speciation of lead by X-ray based techniques and Monte Carlo simulations

“…1A as well, is revealed. From this map, two average XRF spectra were extracted, by summing the pixel spectra corresponding to i) the writing using K-means clustering 23 and visually comparing the clusters to the XRF distribution images, ii) the papyrus alone, excluding the written areas. The qualitative comparison of these two spectra reveals an increased concentration in Pb, Al and P in the written area, which is also observable on the XRF map ( Supplementary Figure S1 ).…”

“…XRF spectra were processed using PyMCA 37 as well as the AXIL and IDL based Microxrf2 software packages 38 39 . Pixels contributing to the writing on the papyrus were isolated using K-means clustering routines, as incorporated in the Microxrf2 software 23 .…”

Selenium Preferentially Accumulates in the Eye Lens Following Embryonic Exposure: A Confocal X-ray Fluorescence Imaging Study

“…There are several advantages to this approach. Confocal geometry leads to an increase of signal-to-background ratio, as the polycapillary rejects emission or scatter originating from outside of the confocal volume. − In addition, it allows the selection of a specific plane within an intact, unsectioned object, rather than measuring fluorescence from every point in the trajectory of the incident beam. − Our ability to use the intact zebrafish sample enabled us to avoid sample sectioning, which is necessitated for optimum spatial resolution in conventional XFI. It also allowed the possibility of investigating a generic volume element anywhere in the sample.…”

Three‐dimensional density measurements of ultra low density materials by X‐ray scatter using confocal micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

“…Finally, a future instrument should be able to collect full spectral data at each point in all three dimensions. With this capability, chemometrics in 3D is possible . Not only would images be created that indicated where each of the elements is located but also maps based on the location of (co‐location for example) Ca‐P versus Ca‐S would be generated, adding another synergistic level of information.…”

Tracking ink composition on Herculaneum papyrus scrolls: quantification and speciation of lead by X-ray based techniques and Monte Carlo simulations

“…1A as well, is revealed. From this map, two average XRF spectra were extracted, by summing the pixel spectra corresponding to i) the writing using K-means clustering 23 and visually comparing the clusters to the XRF distribution images, ii) the papyrus alone, excluding the written areas. The qualitative comparison of these two spectra reveals an increased concentration in Pb, Al and P in the written area, which is also observable on the XRF map ( Supplementary Figure S1 ).…”

“…XRF spectra were processed using PyMCA 37 as well as the AXIL and IDL based Microxrf2 software packages 38 39 . Pixels contributing to the writing on the papyrus were isolated using K-means clustering routines, as incorporated in the Microxrf2 software 23 .…”

Selenium Preferentially Accumulates in the Eye Lens Following Embryonic Exposure: A Confocal X-ray Fluorescence Imaging Study

“…There are several advantages to this approach. Confocal geometry leads to an increase of signal-to-background ratio, as the polycapillary rejects emission or scatter originating from outside of the confocal volume. − In addition, it allows the selection of a specific plane within an intact, unsectioned object, rather than measuring fluorescence from every point in the trajectory of the incident beam. − Our ability to use the intact zebrafish sample enabled us to avoid sample sectioning, which is necessitated for optimum spatial resolution in conventional XFI. It also allowed the possibility of investigating a generic volume element anywhere in the sample.…”

Three‐dimensional density measurements of ultra low density materials by X‐ray scatter using confocal micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

“…Finally, a future instrument should be able to collect full spectral data at each point in all three dimensions. With this capability, chemometrics in 3D is possible . Not only would images be created that indicated where each of the elements is located but also maps based on the location of (co‐location for example) Ca‐P versus Ca‐S would be generated, adding another synergistic level of information.…”