Probiotics, Proline and Calcium Induced Protective Responses of Triticum aestivum under Drought Stress

Abstract

In order to increase plants tolerance to drought, the idea of treating them with stress-protecting compounds exogenously is being considered. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of exogenous calcium, proline, and plant probiotics on the response of winter wheat to drought stress. The research was carried out under controlled conditions, simulating a prolonged drought from 6 to 18 days. Seedlings were treated with ProbioHumus 2 µL g−1 for seed priming, 1 mL 100 mL−1 for seedling spraying, and proline 1 mM according to the scheme. 70 g m−2 CaCO3 was added to the soil. All tested compounds improved the prolonged drought tolerance of winter wheat. ProbioHumus, ProbioHumus + Ca had the greatest effect on maintaining the relative leaf water content (RWC) and in maintaining growth parameters close to those of irrigated plants. They delayed and reduced the stimulation of ethylene emission in drought-stressed leaves. Seedlings treated with ProbioHumus and ProbioHumus + Ca had a significantly lower degree of membrane damage induced by ROS. Molecular studies of drought-responsive genes revealed substantially lower expression of Ca and Probiotics + Ca treated plants vs. drought control. The results of this study showed that the use of probiotics in combination with Ca can activate defense reactions that can compensate for the adverse effects of drought stress.

Placebo-resistant gut bacteria: Akkermansia muciniphila spp. and Familial Mediterranean fever disease

“…In the context of FMF disease (Pepoyan et al, 2017;Balayan et al, 2015;Manzano et al, 2023;Touitou and Pepoyan, 2008;Lancieri et al, 2023;Pepoyan et al, 2019b), placebos are employed to evaluate the impacts of probiotics [microorganisms that confer beneficial effects on humans (Pepoyan et al, 2023;Garcıá-Santos et al, 2023;Harutyunyan et al, 2022), animals (Ataya et al, 2023;Balayan et al, 2019;Rodriguez et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2023;Mirzabekyan et al, 2023;S ̌efcováet al, 2023), and plant host metabolism (Rahman et al, 2018;Pepoyan and Chikindas, 2020;Mockevicǐutėet al, 2023)], along with their metabolites, as well as medications in general (Ben-Zvi et al, 2017;Haviv and Hashkes, 2016;Hashkes and Huang, 2015;Hashkes et al, 2014). While placebos have long served as inert controls in clinical trials (Gupta and Verma, 2013;Finniss et al, 2010;Louhiala and Puustinen, 2017), it is essential to recognize that placebo effects are psychobiological phenomena (Pogany, 2017;Hashmi, 2018;Liu, 2022;Schaefer et al, 2023;Shafir et al, 2023) capable of producing effects similar to certain drugs, even when patients are not knowingly given placebos (Bräscher et al, 2022).…”

Transgenerational Seed Exposure to Elevated CO2 Involves Stress Memory Regulation at Metabolic Levels to Confer Drought Resistance in Wheat

“…The worldwide climate variability has drastically reduced wheat production and raised serious concerns of food security. Hence, the world’s need of wheat grains for the global population has become a huge challenge for future climate change scenarios. , The climate change induced by increased greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations, causes extreme temperature fluctuations, warming climate, changing rainfall pattern, and water balance that extremely affects the ecological processes and crop yield. − The severity of drought spells as the main consequence of climate variability has been considered the most critical factor posing severe threats to agricultural production. , …”

“…4−6 The severity of drought spells as the main consequence of climate variability has been considered the most critical factor posing severe threats to agricultural production. 7,8 Drought prevalence in plants instigated by limited water supply causes severe reduction in leaf surface expansion by wilting and curling of leaves, membrane and chlorophyll degradation, and disruption of enzyme functions. 9 More specifically, several cellular and metabolic processes such as stomatal conductance, RuBisCO enzyme activity, photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic CO 2 fixation and assimilation, nutrient uptake, and plant water status are negatively affected due to drought stress, consequently reducing the plant development seriously.…”

“… 4 − 6 The severity of drought spells as the main consequence of climate variability has been considered the most critical factor posing severe threats to agricultural production. 7 , 8 …”