Probing Gallic Acid for Its Broad Spectrum Applications

Abstract

Gallic acid and its derivatives not only exhibit excellent antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antimicrobial properties but also provide protection to the cells against oxidative stress. Gallic acid (3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a low molecular triphenolic compound emerged as an efficient apoptosis inducing agent. The antimicrobial and other biological properties of gallic acid and its derivatives seemed to be linked with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols like tannins hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Gallic acid serves a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections and modulation of immune responses. The current review updates us with the diverse roles played by gallic acid, its antioxidant potential, action mechanism and more importantly the diverse array of applications in therapeutic and pharmaceutical areas.

Utilizing Liposomal Quercetin and Gallic Acid in Localized Treatment of Vaginal Candida Infections

“…Moreover, chemical stability of Q is highly compromised in the presence of oxygen [48] and metal ions [49], as well as in alkaline conditions [50]. Among polyphenolic acids, GA exhibits several biological relevant activities [19,51]. However, its therapeutic Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 9 9 of 21 potential is also hampered by low bioavailability [52] and susceptibility to environmental factors [53], such as the tendency to easily oxidize at pH above 7 [54] giving rise to metabolites, namely 4-O-methyl gallic acid and pyrogallol, that possess lower antioxidant activity compared to GA.…”

“…It is well documented that both Q and GA are able to reduce inflammatory response in LPS-induced macrophages by acting at different levels of the inflammation cascade [19,66].…”

“…It is largely studied for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as anti-carcinogenesis and anti-arteriosclerosis effects. Furthermore, gallic acid is reported to inhibit microbial biofilm formation, possess bactericidal effects towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antiviral activities against a human immunodeficiency virus [19]. Several authors proposed that gallic acid is also able to exert an antifungal activity against planktonic cultures and biofilm of C. albicans [12,13,20].…”

Antitumour effects of selected plant polyphenols, gallic acid and ellagic acid, on sensitive and multidrug‐resistant leukaemia HL60 cells

“…GA and EA, belonging to the plant phenolic acid group, are also the subject of increasing attention due to their great therapeutic potential for cancer treatment as well as the cure of other oxidative‐stress related diseases. In fact, there is an increasing body of evidence demonstrating cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties of GA (Choubey et al, ; Daglia, Di Lorenzo, Nabavi, Talas, & Nabavi, ; Kosuru, Roy, Das, & Bera, ). A broad spectrum of potential therapeutic applications is also proposed for EA and its derivatives including treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetics, biofilm‐associated bacterial infections resistant to antibiotic therapy, and viral infections and trypanosome‐induced anemia (Aminu, Ibrahim, Rahman, Dash, & Umar, ; Fontaine et al, ; Nankar & Doble, ; Shakeri et al, ; Zhao et al, ).…”

Pomegranate as a natural source of phenolic antioxidants

“…It has antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial activity, as well as protection of cells against oxidative stress, being one of the primary phenolic acids in vegetables and fruits, such as pomegranates. The concentration of GA in pomegranate juice is significantly lower when compared with the peel (Fernandes and Salgado 2016;Dludla et al, 2018;Choubey et al, 2018).…”