Pro-Inflammatory Response of Bovine Polymorphonuclear Cells Induced by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

Federico, Marta Di; Ancora, Massimo; Luciani, Mirella; Krasteva, Ivanka; Sacchini, Flavio; Orsini, Gianluca; Febo, Tiziana Di; Lollo, Valeria Di; Mattioli, Mauro; Scacchia, Massimo; Marruchella, Giuseppe; Cammà, Cesare

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00142

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In vitro infection models used so far to study cytotoxicity and adhesion include bovine cell lines such as nasal and lung epithelial, aorta endothelial, skin fibroblasts (Bischop et al, 2008;Aye et al, 2015), and 3D systems including bovine respiratory explants and bovine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS, Weldearegay et al, 2019). Interactions with phagocytes was studied in vitro using ex vivo primary cultures of monocytes-derived macrophages (Bonnefois et al, 2016), alveolar macrophages (Jungi et al, 1996), and polymorphic nuclear cells Di Federico et al 2020).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Thiaucourt¹,

Nwankpa²,

Amanfu³

2021

Veterinary Vaccines

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The protection rate of T1/44 and T1sr vaccines assessed in two independent vaccine trials varied between 33 and 67% (Thiaucourt et al., 2000). Animals were challenged against local pathogenic strains, 3 months after single vaccination. Further experiments demonstrated that T1/44 confers longer immunity than T1sr after a single dose, while a booster vaccination received 12 months after initial immunisation increased the efficacy of both vaccines (> 80%; Wesongaet al., 2000). In order to be effective vaccines must contain at least 10 7 CFU/dose of live Mmm (WOAH, 2021).Both vaccines confer low efficacy at primo-vaccination and short-term immunity, requiring re-vaccinations every 6 and 12 months respectively for T1sr and T1/44. T1/44 has residual virulence, which results in occasional cases of severe inflammation at the site of injection called Willems' reactions. These local reactions can evolve into systemic disease and may even result in death of the animals in the absence of antibiotic treatments, which can discourage vaccine acceptance by farmers . Willems' reactions are observed mainly upon first vaccination and with low occurrence after re-vaccination (Muuka et al., 2014). No side effects have been reported for T1sr.Both T1/44 and T1sr are currently produced as freeze-dried live vaccines with cold chain requirements until delivery. After reconstitution, delivery time is restricted to 30 min -2 hrs. In field conditions and with hot temperatures, viability rapidly drops below the minimum recommended titre affecting vaccine efficacy.The quality of CBPP vaccines is known to differ among producers / batches, which may result in variable vaccine efficacy. Due to the potential side effects and cold chain requirements, vaccine delivery should be restricted to fully trained veterinary personnel. GAPS :Vaccine safety: Side effects associated with the T1/44 strain are perceived as an important issue. For example, T1/44 is not accepted in some countries due to reported adverse reactions and T1sr is used instead, although the frequency of vaccination campaigns is normally once per year. Vaccine delivery can exacerbate side effects, since applying inappropriate administration routes (intradermal or intramuscular instead of subcutaneous) or using inappropriate needle gauge, etc. can result in increased adverse reactions and, thus, reduced acceptability by farmers.Vaccine efficacy: The true efficacy of T1 vaccines in the field is not well known. Control programs based on vaccination alone are not sufficient for CBPP eradication in the absence of additional countermeasures such as animal movement control. For ex.: Northern Namibia and Western Zambia, where CBPP mass vaccination campaigns are delivered annually, are still struggling to control the disease, with many outbreaks declared in 2021 and 2022.Vaccine delivery: Fully trained personnel is needed to manage vaccination, since administration problems such as use of wrong diluents and vial sizes, inappropriate number of doses per vial, etc. can result in reduced viability a...

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Section: Mechanism Of Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TNF-? and IL-1?, are produced in vitro in response to Mmm by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils respectively (Jungi et al, 1996;Di Federico et al, 2020). The respiratory burst of neutrophils is greatly enhanced by Mmm in vitro in the presence of glycerol .…”

Section: Mechanism Of Host Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Thiaucourt¹,

Nwankpa²,

Amanfu³

2021

Veterinary Vaccines

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“…The characterization of the innate immune response is also paramount, as the innate immune response is likely to determine the outcome of infection or immunization by directing the type of adaptive immune response that ensues, and is also the first line of defence against the pathogen. It is self-evident that granulocytes 80 and macrophages 81 infiltrating the site of infection shape the outcome of disease and the pathogenicity. Therefore, their interaction with the pathogen and its components needs to be closely followed to generate a more complete picture of the mechanisms underlying the development of lesions initiated by either the pathogen or the host immune response.…”

Section: Defining Correlates Of Immunity and Characterizing Immune Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Bovine and Caprine Pleuropneumonia: a research community’s recommendations for the development of better vaccines

et al. 2020

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Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are major infectious diseases of ruminants caused by mycoplasmas in Africa and Asia. In contrast with the limited pathology in the respiratory tract of humans infected with mycoplasmas, CBPP and CCPP are devastating diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Beyond their obvious impact on animal health, CBPP and CCPP negatively impact the livelihood and wellbeing of a substantial proportion of livestock-dependent people affecting their culture, economy, trade and nutrition. The causative agents of CBPP and CCPP are Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae, respectively, which have been eradicated in most of the developed world. The current vaccines used for disease control consist of a live attenuated CBPP vaccine and a bacterin vaccine for CCPP, which were developed in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Both of these vaccines have many limitations, so better vaccines are urgently needed to improve disease control. In this article the research community prioritized biomedical research needs related to challenge models, rational vaccine design and protective immune responses. Therefore, we scrutinized the current vaccines as well as the challenge-, pathogenicity-and immunity models. We highlight research gaps and provide recommendations towards developing safer and more efficacious vaccines against CBPP and CCPP.

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Pro-Inflammatory Response of Bovine Polymorphonuclear Cells Induced by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Contagious Bovine and Caprine Pleuropneumonia: a research community’s recommendations for the development of better vaccines

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