Prior COVID-19 significantly reduces the risk of subsequent infection, but reinfections are seen after eight months

Breathnach, Aodhán S.; Riley, Peter; Cotter, Michael; Houston, Angela; Habibi, Maximillian S.; Planche, Timothy

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.005

Cited by 50 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…13 While the investigation by Lumley et al was restricted to a specific population of predominantly healthy adult health care workers 65 years of age or younger, and was based on only two re-infections in seronegative individuals, our study extends this knowledge by data from a much larger population based survey using solely PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection cases. 13 Importantly, a recent study using SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody test data from 66,001 patients from a laboratory in south-west London documented 8 patients with evidence of re-infections, and calculated a relative risk of re-infections versus first infections of 0.0578 (95% CI: 0.0288 to 0.1160) 18 which is also compatible with our estimate.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria

Pilz

Chakeri

Ioannidis

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: A key question concerning coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is how effective and long lasting immunity against this disease is in individuals who were previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We aimed to evaluate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections in the general population in Austria. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study using national SARS-CoV-2 infection data from the Austrian epidemiological reporting system. As the primary outcome, we aim to compare the odds of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections of COVID-19 survivors of the first wave (February to April 30, 2020) versus the odds of first infections in the remainder general population by tracking polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed infections of both groups during the second wave from September 1 to November 30, 2020. Re-infection counts are tentative, since it cannot be excluded that the positive PCR in the first and/or second wave might have been a false positive. Results: We recorded 40 tentative re-infections in 14,840 COVID-19 survivors of the first wave (0.27%) and 253,581 infections in 8,885,640 individuals of the remaining general population (2.85%) translating into an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.09 (0.07 to 0.13). Conclusions: We observed a relatively low re-infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Austria. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable to the highest available estimates on vaccine efficacies. Further well-designed research on this issue is urgently needed for improving evidence-based decisions on public health measures and vaccination strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria

Pilz

Chakeri

Ioannidis

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“… 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 According to the reports of COVID‐19 reinfection cases in studies, most of them were detected based on RT‐PCR test using nasopharyngeal swab specimens. 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 However, in other studies, in addition to the PCR test, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay for anti‐SARS‐Cov‐2 antibodies was also used. 23 , 25 The minimum and maximum time of reinfection onset from initial infection was reported from 45 to 172 days.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 However, in other studies, in addition to the PCR test, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay for anti‐SARS‐Cov‐2 antibodies was also used. 23 , 25 The minimum and maximum time of reinfection onset from initial infection was reported from 45 to 172 days. 23 , 26 But in another study, the most average time of reinfection onset days from initial infection was reported as 212 days (212 ± 25 days).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Epidemiologic characteristics of cases with reinfection, recurrence, and hospital readmission due to COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Ghorbani

Taherpour

Bayat

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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Recent studies reported that some recovered COVID‐19 patients have tested positive for virus nucleic acid again. A systematic search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to March 6, 2021. The pooled estimation of reinfection, recurrence, and hospital readmission among recovered COVID‐19 patients was 3, 133, and 75 per 1000 patients, respectively. The overall estimation of reinfection among males compared to females was greater. The prevalence of recurrence in females compared to males was more common. Also, hospital readmission between sex groups was the same. There is uncertainty about long‐term immunity after SARS‐Cov‐2 infection. Thus, the possibility of reinfection and recurrence after recovery is not unexpected. In addition, there is a probability of hospital readmission due to adverse events of COVID‐19 after discharge. However, with mass vaccination of people and using the principles of prevention and appropriate management of the disease, frequent occurrence of the disease can be controlled.

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“…While the investigation by Lumley et al was restricted to a specific population of predominantly healthy adult healthcare workers 65 years of age or younger, and was based on only two re‐infections in seropositive individuals, our study extends this knowledge by data from a much larger population based survey using solely PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection cases 13 . Importantly, a recent study using SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR and antibody test data from 66 001 patients from a laboratory in south‐west London documented 8 patients with evidence of re‐infections, and calculated a relative risk of re‐infections versus first infections of 0.0578 (95% CI: 0.0288 to 0.1160) 18 which is also compatible with our estimate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infection risk in Austria

Pilz

Chakeri

Ioannidis

et al. 2021

Eur J Clin Investigation

140

179

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Background A key question concerning coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is how effective and long lasting immunity against this disease is in individuals who were previously infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). We aimed to evaluate the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infections in the general population in Austria. Methods This is a retrospective observational study using national SARS‐CoV‐2 infection data from the Austrian epidemiological reporting system. As the primary outcome, we aim to compare the odds of SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infections of COVID‐19 survivors of the first wave (February to April 30, 2020) versus the odds of first infections in the remainder general population by tracking polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐confirmed infections of both groups during the second wave from September 1 to November 30, 2020. Re‐infection counts are tentative, since it cannot be excluded that the positive PCR in the first and/or second wave might have been a false positive. Results We recorded 40 tentative re‐infections in 14 840 COVID‐19 survivors of the first wave (0.27%) and 253 581 infections in 8 885 640 individuals of the remaining general population (2.85%) translating into an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.09 (0.07 to 0.13). Conclusions We observed a relatively low re‐infection rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Austria. Protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 after natural infection is comparable with the highest available estimates on vaccine efficacies. Further well‐designed research on this issue is urgently needed for improving evidence‐based decisions on public health measures and vaccination strategies.

show abstract

Prior COVID-19 significantly reduces the risk of subsequent infection, but reinfections are seen after eight months

Cited by 50 publications

References 6 publications

SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria

SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria

Epidemiologic characteristics of cases with reinfection, recurrence, and hospital readmission due to COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

SARS‐CoV‐2 re‐infection risk in Austria

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