Principles of Gestalt in Copied Form in Mentally Defective and Schizophrenic Persons

A quantification, standardization, and validation of the Bender-Gestalt test on normal and neurotic adults.

“…Interest in graphic behavior has not, of course, been limited to the study of art and art forms, since it has been recognized in the past two decades that virtually all forms of graphic expression may have implications for personality evaluation and diagnosis. Relevant in this connection are the approaches of Werner Wolff (46,47,48,49,50), Saudek (38), Machover (30), Mira (31), Sapas (36), Foster (22), and Bender (9,10,11,12,13,14. 15)-Bender is generally given credit for taking the experiments on the reproduction of visually perceived form, whether from copy or from memory, out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting, and there is little question that she did more than any other individual to see the diagnostic possibilities of the method and popularize its use.…”

A quantification, standardization, and validation of the Bender-Gestalt test on normal and neurotic adults.

“…Interest in graphic behavior has not, of course, been limited to the study of art and art forms, since it has been recognized in the past two decades that virtually all forms of graphic expression may have implications for personality evaluation and diagnosis. Relevant in this connection are the approaches of Werner Wolff (46,47,48,49,50), Saudek (38), Machover (30), Mira (31), Sapas (36), Foster (22), and Bender (9,10,11,12,13,14. 15)-Bender is generally given credit for taking the experiments on the reproduction of visually perceived form, whether from copy or from memory, out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting, and there is little question that she did more than any other individual to see the diagnostic possibilities of the method and popularize its use.…”

"Regression" in schizophrenia as determined by performance on the Bender-Gestalt test.

“…In the area of perceptual-motor behavior, too, regressive tendencies in schizophrenia have been indicated. Bender states that the most general tendency in the psychotic reproduction of the Bender-Gestalt designs is the reversion to primitive Gestalten (3,4). She indicates the appearance of loops for dots, preservation of the designs, compression, failure to cross lines, and fragmentation as "regressive" deviations, i.e., the same deviations which occur in the records of young children.…”

The diagnostic significance of a Visual Memory Drawing Test.

“…thirties, used, among others, tests of immediate reproductions of designs from memory (6). Bender (7)(8)(9)(10)(11), in the late thirties, using Gestalt figures and explanations, published extensive studies of the drawing behavior of psychotics, brain-damaged cases, and mental defectives. Her check-lists of drawing characteristics led to our using some of her items in the analysis of our drawings.…”

A quantification, standardization, and validation of the Bender-Gestalt test on normal and neurotic adults.

“…Interest in graphic behavior has not, of course, been limited to the study of art and art forms, since it has been recognized in the past two decades that virtually all forms of graphic expression may have implications for personality evaluation and diagnosis. Relevant in this connection are the approaches of Werner Wolff (46,47,48,49,50), Saudek (38), Machover (30), Mira (31), Sapas (36), Foster (22), and Bender (9,10,11,12,13,14. 15)-Bender is generally given credit for taking the experiments on the reproduction of visually perceived form, whether from copy or from memory, out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting, and there is little question that she did more than any other individual to see the diagnostic possibilities of the method and popularize its use.…”

"Regression" in schizophrenia as determined by performance on the Bender-Gestalt test.

“…In the area of perceptual-motor behavior, too, regressive tendencies in schizophrenia have been indicated. Bender states that the most general tendency in the psychotic reproduction of the Bender-Gestalt designs is the reversion to primitive Gestalten (3,4). She indicates the appearance of loops for dots, preservation of the designs, compression, failure to cross lines, and fragmentation as "regressive" deviations, i.e., the same deviations which occur in the records of young children.…”

The diagnostic significance of a Visual Memory Drawing Test.

“…thirties, used, among others, tests of immediate reproductions of designs from memory (6). Bender (7)(8)(9)(10)(11), in the late thirties, using Gestalt figures and explanations, published extensive studies of the drawing behavior of psychotics, brain-damaged cases, and mental defectives. Her check-lists of drawing characteristics led to our using some of her items in the analysis of our drawings.…”

A quantification, standardization, and validation of the Bender-Gestalt test on normal and neurotic adults.

“…Interest in graphic behavior has not, of course, been limited to the study of art and art forms, since it has been recognized in the past two decades that virtually all forms of graphic expression may have implications for personality evaluation and diagnosis. Relevant in this connection are the approaches of Werner Wolff (46,47,48,49,50), Saudek (38), Machover (30), Mira (31), Sapas (36), Foster (22), and Bender (9,10,11,12,13,14. 15)-Bender is generally given credit for taking the experiments on the reproduction of visually perceived form, whether from copy or from memory, out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting, and there is little question that she did more than any other individual to see the diagnostic possibilities of the method and popularize its use.…”

"Regression" in schizophrenia as determined by performance on the Bender-Gestalt test.

“…In the area of perceptual-motor behavior, too, regressive tendencies in schizophrenia have been indicated. Bender states that the most general tendency in the psychotic reproduction of the Bender-Gestalt designs is the reversion to primitive Gestalten (3,4). She indicates the appearance of loops for dots, preservation of the designs, compression, failure to cross lines, and fragmentation as "regressive" deviations, i.e., the same deviations which occur in the records of young children.…”

The diagnostic significance of a Visual Memory Drawing Test.

“…thirties, used, among others, tests of immediate reproductions of designs from memory (6). Bender (7)(8)(9)(10)(11), in the late thirties, using Gestalt figures and explanations, published extensive studies of the drawing behavior of psychotics, brain-damaged cases, and mental defectives. Her check-lists of drawing characteristics led to our using some of her items in the analysis of our drawings.…”