Abstract:Surveys of taxonomic groups of animals have shown that contrary to the opinion of most gerontologists aging is not a genuine trait. The process of aging is not universal and its mechanisms have not been widely conserved among species. All life forms are subject to extrinsic and intrinsic destructive forces. Destructive effects of stochastic events are visible only when allowed by the specific life program of an organism. Effective life programs of immortality and high longevity eliminate the impact of unavoida… Show more
“…Other taxa that might contain nonaging organisms (i.e., organisms that are potentially immortal if protected from all external causes of death) include sponges, flatworms, and echinoderms (9,98,99,134) (Fig. 4).…”
Section: Ros and The Evolution Of Aging In Metazoansmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The red and green curves on the left show the highest and lowest PO 2 estimates, respectively (based on https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen). To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars very specific aquatic niches (9). In particular, all of these organisms consume oxygen through their entire surface, that is, need no breathing and specialized oxygen adsorbing and transporting apparatuses.…”
Section: Ros and The Evolution Of Aging In Metazoansmentioning
The manifestations of ROS-mediated cumulative chemical damage at the population level may include the often-observed negative correlation between fitness and the rate of its decline with increasing age, further linking FRT and APT. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1003-1017.
“…Other taxa that might contain nonaging organisms (i.e., organisms that are potentially immortal if protected from all external causes of death) include sponges, flatworms, and echinoderms (9,98,99,134) (Fig. 4).…”
Section: Ros and The Evolution Of Aging In Metazoansmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The red and green curves on the left show the highest and lowest PO 2 estimates, respectively (based on https://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen). To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars very specific aquatic niches (9). In particular, all of these organisms consume oxygen through their entire surface, that is, need no breathing and specialized oxygen adsorbing and transporting apparatuses.…”
Section: Ros and The Evolution Of Aging In Metazoansmentioning
The manifestations of ROS-mediated cumulative chemical damage at the population level may include the often-observed negative correlation between fitness and the rate of its decline with increasing age, further linking FRT and APT. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1003-1017.
“…Analysis of life expectancy of organisms from different taxonomic groups and their life strategies determined by environmental conditions (Fig. 2 ) indicates quite clearly that the aging process is neither universal, nor its mechanisms are conserved (Bilinski et al 2016 ). Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Obviously there are exceptions to this rule: in some long-lived forms, such as termite queens, high degree of body size increase is observed in imagoes, but it is a rather unique phenomenon among eusocial species of insects. The second strategy is observed in representatives of different taxonomic groups, whose life program allows for longevity, or even “biological immortality”, which means absence of quasi-programmable factors forcing death (intrinsic factors of death) (Bilinski et al 2016 ). Examples of “biological immortality” are observed mainly in the lower invertebrates (Martinez 1998 ), while examples of longevity are found in most systematic groups, among others, echinoderms, crustaceans and vertebrates, namely fish, amphibians and reptiles.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Examples of “biological immortality” are observed mainly in the lower invertebrates (Martinez 1998 ), while examples of longevity are found in most systematic groups, among others, echinoderms, crustaceans and vertebrates, namely fish, amphibians and reptiles. A common feature of all these animals is that they retain the ability to increase their body size throughout their lives, specifically, well after puberty (Bilinski et al 2015 , 2016 ). This feature may be similar to adolescence in humans and other mammals.…”
Experimental gerontology is based on the fundamental assumption that the aging process has a universal character and that the mechanisms of aging are well-conserved among living things. The consequence of this assumption is the use of various organisms, including unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as models in gerontology, and direct extrapolation of the conclusions drawn from the studies carried on these organisms to human beings. However, numerous arguments suggest that aging is not universal and its mechanisms are not conserved in a wide range of species. Instead, senescence can be treated as a side effect of the evolution of specific features for systematic group, unrelated to the passage of time. Hence, depending on the properties of the group, the senescence and proximal causes of death could have a diverse nature. We postulate that the selection of a model organism to explain the mechanism of human aging and human longevity should be preceded by the analysis of its potential to extrapolate the results to a wide group of organisms. Considering that gerontology is a human-oriented discipline and that aging involves complex, systemic changes affecting the entire organism, the object of experimental studies should be animals which are closest relatives of human beings in evolutionary terms, rather than lower organisms, which do not have sufficient complexity in terms of tissues and organ structures.
scite is a Brooklyn-based startup that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
