Principles of air and contaminant movement inside and around buildings

Zhivov, Alexander; Skistad, Håkon; Mundt, Elisabeth; Posokhin, Vladimir; Ratcliff, Mike; Shilkrot, Eugene; Strongin, Andrey; Li, Xianting; Zhang, Tengfei; Zhao, Fu-Yun; Shao, Xueming; Yang, Yang

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816780-9.00007-1

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 143 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The curvature of the jet increased until the flow attached itself to the inner glazing surface due to Coanda effect. 34 As a result, it was highly likely that interior pane reaching a temperature over 600°C would break allowing flame and smoke to take over immediate upper floors. 6,25 Hot gas flow in double skin façade with venetian blind…”

Section: Spread Of Fire In Double Skin Façades Without Venetian Blindsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical investigation of fire in the cavity of naturally ventilated double skin façade with venetian blinds

Huang

Yeboah

Shao

2022

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Double skin façades (DSFs), offer great views, architectural aesthetics, and energy savings. Yet, in a fire event the glass façade breaks leading to risks to human life and firefighting difficulties. Shading devices incorporated to prevent unfavourable heat gains to reduce cooling load though offer energy savings potentially present other challenges in firefighting and occupants’ evacuation. In this study, Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) was used to numerically investigate the spread of a 5 MW HRR polyurethane GM27 fire in a multi-storey double skin façade building with Venetian blinds placed in its cavity. The blinds were positioned 0.4 m away from the internal glazing, middle of the cavity and 0.4 m away from the external glazing respectively. In each blind position the slat angle was opened at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° respectively. The results show peak inner glazing surface temperature ranged between 283°C to 840°C depending on the thermocouple position, the Venetian blind position and slat opening angle. Without Venetian blinds, peak inner glazing surface temperatures ranged between 468°C to 614°C. In all cases except when the slat angle was 0° and the blind was positioned closer to the outer glazing, the inner glazing surface temperature from the closest thermocouple (TC 14) above the fire room exceeded 600°C, the glass breakage temperature threshold. Overall, the Venetian blind position and slat opening angle influenced the spread of fire. Venetian blind combustibility and flammability were not considered and therefore recommended for future studies. Practical Application: Our manuscript helps to develop new thinking on mitigation of fire risks in buildings for architects, engineers and designers when incorporating Venetian blinds in Double Skin Façades (DSFs).

show abstract

Section: Spread Of Fire In Double Skin Façades Without Venetian Blindsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical investigation of fire in the cavity of naturally ventilated double skin façade with venetian blinds

Huang

Yeboah

Shao

2022

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Substances evaporating above the free surface of the bath enter the airflow created by the ventilation. The amount of evaporating components of the binary solvent in the airflow (forced convection) is described by the equation [18,33]:…”

Section: Advanced and Functional Materials And Friction Stir Welding ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The condition (33) should be met together with the condition for ensuring the effective impregnation of the reinforcing material (14), which regulates [ ]…”

Section: Advanced and Functional Materials And Friction Stir Welding ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Process Parameters of the Binder to Reduce Air Pollution and to Improve the Emission Effect from Composite Production

Kondratiev,

Gaidachuk,

Nabokina

et al. 2023

MSF

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Today the prepreg technology for the manufacture of products from polymer composite materials is widely used in the global industry. This technology involves the use of prepregs obtained by preliminary impregnation of the reinforcing materials with binder solutions, which contain up to 50% environmentally sensitive and fire hazardous solvents. However, in many cases no systematic approach is used to solve the issues of choosing the optimal values of the solvent content in the binder solution to ensure its specified viscosity according, as well as the issues of safety of the industrial activity; instead, these issues are solved independently. It results in the unreasonable expense, loss of quality of the composite products and insufficient level of safety of production activity at the relevant workplaces. This study deals with the systematic prediction of the process parameters, taking into consideration the safety of operational procedures during the impregnation of prepregs and permissible range of deviations from their regulated value. The method and the relevant implementing technique for the prediction of optimal process parameters of the binder solutions for impregnation of prepregs in view of safety of the production activity have been developed. Dependences of the viscosity of the binder on its temperature and volume content of one-component, binary and three-component solvents have been obtained, with the tolerance band specified for the volume and weight contents of the solvent in the binder, which provides an acceptable deviation in the solution viscosity for the effective impregnation of prepreg. The paper proposes and substantiates the criterion of content of the binary solvent in the binder being optimal one in terms of process conditions. This criterion provides both the specified quality of impregnation of the reinforcing material and requirements for the safety of production activity. The actual hands-on examples are considered as related to the determination of optimal content of the binary solvent with the components for the specific binder and alcohol-acetone solvent. It is shown that the optimal weight concentration of acetone in the solvent is 0.085, with the solvent weight content in the mixture of 0.279. These parameters provide the maximum allowable concentration of solvent vapors, ensuring the safety of production activity. It should also be noted, that the solvent weight content differs by maximum 5% from the value required when using alcohol only, which provides high safety margin of the production activity.

show abstract

“…The stimulus approximates a compact, isothermal, free-air jet. At the point of impact with the face, the air jet is greater than 8 nozzle diameters distant from the nozzle and thus is in the region of fully developed turbulence (Zhivov et. al., 2020).…”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A measure of the somatosensory blink reflex to parametric variation of mechanical stimulation

Kaiser

Haggerty

Garner

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The trigeminal blink response is a familiar and easily evoked brainstem reflex. Despite a long history of clinical and research investigation, there has been limited study of how parametric manipulation of the intensity of somatosensory stimulation modulates the evoked response. The goal of this study was to measure the psychometric trigeminal sensitivity function and to test the resulting model parameters for differences between the eyelids contralateral and ipsilateral to the side of stimulation, and to test for individual differences in sensitivity. We measured the ipsilateral and contralateral blink in 17 healthy, adult participants in response to airpuffs delivered to the cornea over a range of five, log-spaced intensities (3.5 - 60 PSI). The temporal lid position vector was decomposed into amplitude, velocity, and shape components. We found that variation in blink amplitude was well fit with a two-parameter Weibull cumulative density function of log stimulus intensity. There was a reliable decrease in threshold sensitivity of the contralateral as compared to ipsilateral eyelid. This decrease was consistent across participants despite substantial individual differences in the threshold and slope of the overall sensitivity function, suggesting that the laterality effect arises subsequent to individual differences in the neural circuit. We conclude that a parametric measure of trigeminal sensitivity is a promising tool for examining neural mechanisms that modulate this response, including in various disease states.

show abstract

Principles of air and contaminant movement inside and around buildings

Cited by 9 publications

References 143 publications

Numerical investigation of fire in the cavity of naturally ventilated double skin façade with venetian blinds

Numerical investigation of fire in the cavity of naturally ventilated double skin façade with venetian blinds

Optimal Process Parameters of the Binder to Reduce Air Pollution and to Improve the Emission Effect from Composite Production

A measure of the somatosensory blink reflex to parametric variation of mechanical stimulation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About