Primary trigeminal afferents to the vestibular nuclei in the rat: existence of a collateral projection to the vestibulo-cerebellum

Immediate effect of nonspecific mandibular mobilization on postural control in subjects with temporomandibular disorder: a single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial

“…Therefore, the neurological relationship between the stomatognathic system and postural control can be attributed to the functional connection to the trigeminal nerve nucleus motor neuron, which is affected by the Central Nervous System (CNS), as previously determined experimentally 18 . Thus, the evidence supporting the interaction between the trigeminal system and the vestibular nuclei 27,28 , with a possible alteration in the visual system and postural stability 18 , strengthens the argument for a relationship between the stomatognathic system and postural control.…”

“…This potential relationship results from the presence of sensorimotor peripheral neural connections from the stomatognathic system. The relationship may involve the association between proprioception in the stomatognathic system and the masticatory muscle receptors, including the neuromuscular spindle and Golgi tendon organ 22 , periodontal ligament receptors 23,24 , and the free nerve endings in the temporomandibular joint synovial space 25 , which are all directly related to the trigeminal sensorimotor circuit [25][26][27] . Therefore, the neurological relationship between the stomatognathic system and postural control can be attributed to the functional connection to the trigeminal nerve nucleus motor neuron, which is affected by the Central Nervous System (CNS), as previously determined experimentally 18 .…”

Interference of Different Types of Mastication on Static Balance in Individuals without Temporomandibular Disorder

“…However, the low quality of the studies found in the literature underscores the need to conduct further investigations 8,9) . The clinical importance of this evaluation is related to joint assessments and clinical treatment, such as in the case of occlusal therapy founded on the numerous anatomic connections between the trigeminal nerve and structures involved in the maintenance of posture 7) . There is considerable interest in the confi rmation of interconnections between the stomatognathic system and postural control.…”

“…Proprioception of the stomatognathic system is associated with receptors in the muscles of mastication (neuromuscular spindle, tendon organ), receptors of the periodontal ligament and free nerve endings in the synovial space of the temporomandibular joint and is directly related to the trigeminal complex 6) . Neuroanatomic evidence demonstrates an interaction between the projection of the trigeminal complex and the vestibular nucleus 7,8) . Signals from the latter converge in the upper spinal cord with signals from the stomatognathic system through the trigeminal complex and alterations in the nucleus of the trigeminus may affect postural stability 5) .…”

Effect of Facial Massage on Static Balance in Individuals with Temporomandibular Disorder – a Pilot Study

“…(2,3,4) The literature describes numerous anatomic connections between the trigeminal system and nerve structures involving the maintenance of posture. (2,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) These interrelations demonstrate that information stemming from trigeminal afference may be linked to other types of afference involved in postural control. Perturbations in the stomatognathic system due to alterations in the muscles of mastication, periodontal ligament or temporomandibular joint could, therefore, lead to a perturbation in postural control due to the the analysis.…”