Primary neuroendocrine tumors and primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the liver: a proposal for a multidiscipline definition

Torbenson, Michael; Venkatesh, Sudhakar K.; Halfdanarson, Thorvardur R.; Navin, Patrick J.; Kamath, Patrick S.; Erickson, Lori A.

doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2022.07.001

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The diagnosis of PHNET is based on two prerequisites. The liver mass must be immunohistochemically compatible with NET, along with the absence of clinical, endoscopic, or imaging findings of another site of origin for the NET [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The success rate of PHNET liver resection has been reported to be approximately 70% and the 5-year survival rate after surgery is as high as 78% [ 1 ]. For patients with unresectable disease, various palliative options exist, but the role and effectiveness of these treatment modalities remain unclear and need further study [ 9 ]. They can improve survival and optimize for resection, such as systemic chemotherapy, and the cytotoxic drugs are a good choice for tumors with a high proliferation index, but the most highly recommended protocol involves a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and etoposide [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recurrence rates of PHNETs after surgery were as high as 20–40% [ 9 ]. Our patient was diagnosed with lymph nodes metastasis only 3 months after the initial surgery and while he was on adjuvant chemotherapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our patient was diagnosed with lymph nodes metastasis only 3 months after the initial surgery and while he was on adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, a close follow-up is recommended in the postoperative period [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review

Ghattas,

Al Bitar,

Chahine

et al. 2024

Case Reports in Hepatology

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Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors (PHNETs) are extremely rare and account for about 0.3% of all neuroendocrine tumor cases. Resection is usually difficult because they are usually diagnosed in the late stages. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with PHNETs, initially classified as unresectable but then underwent a successful left hepatectomy. PHNETs are rare malignant tumors, and a high index of suspicion is warranted for the diagnosis after excluding the presence of a primary extrahepatic lesion. Radical hepatectomy can be curative when feasible along with a combination of multiple treatments that improve the prognosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Hepatic Neuroendocrine Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review

Ghattas,

Al Bitar,

Chahine

et al. 2024

Case Reports in Hepatology

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“…Patients diagnosed with nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors typically lack discernible clinical symptoms, and symptoms are frequently identified only upon physical examinations. In contrast, functional neuroendocrine tumors may cause corresponding clinical symptoms due to different secreted hormones, with symptoms including hypoglycemia, diabetes, refractory peptic ulcers, abdominal pain, diarrhea, asthma and carcinoid syndrome in less than 10% of patients ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors and non-hepatitis B non-hepatitis C hepatocellular carcinoma on contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Tan

et al. 2023

Front. Oncol.

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ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the sonographic features of primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors (PHNETs) to those of non-hepatitis B and non-hepatitis C hepatocellular carcinoma (NBNC-HCC) on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).Materials and methodsFourteen patients with a mean age of 56.9 ± 12.2 (SD) years with histopathologically confirmed PHNET were included in the study. Twenty-eight patients with a mean age of 58.5 ± 10.4 years with histopathologically confirmed NBNC-HCC were randomly selected as the control group. The clinical data, conventional ultrasound and CEUS features were retrospectively analyzed between PHNET and NBNC-HCC.ResultsPHNET was more common in women (57.1%, 8/14 cases), and NBNC-HCC was more common in men (75.0%, 21/28) (P=0.040). No significant differences were observed in etiology, tumor marker, and liver function between the two group (P>0.05). Conventional ultrasound revealed that the tumor size of PHNET (10.1 ± 4.7 cm) was larger than that of NBNC-HCC (5.9 ± 3.8 cm) (P=0.006). NBNC-HCC was predominantly hypoechoic, while the echogenicity of PHNET varied (P=0.001). On CEUS, 57.1% (8/14) of PHNETs showed heterogeneous hyperenhancement, whereas 77.0% (21/28) of NBNC-HCC presented homogeneous hyperenhancement (P=0.015). Furthermore, 35.7% (5/14) of PHNETs showed early washout (onset of washout <60 s), which was significantly different from that of NBNC-HCC (3.7%, 1/28) (P=0.005).ConclusionCEUS is helpful in discriminating between PHNET and NBNC-HCC. PHNETs mainly present as a single mass with a large size (>10 cm) in the liver. The CEUS showed that most PHNETs exhibited heterogeneous enhancement in the arterial phase, washout in the portal venous and late phases and early washout being more likely than NBNC-HCC. However, more imaging features need to be evaluated in a larger sample.

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