Primary Babesia rodhaini infection followed by recovery confers protective immunity against B. rodhaini reinfection and Babesia microti challenge infection in mice

Recycling spent LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 cathodes to efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

“…4g). 49 50.46 mV dec −1 , which is better than that of RuO 2 (80.63 mV dec −1 ) and other as-synthesized samples. The lowest Tafel slope value indicates fast reaction kinetics on the surface of NCM-OH.…”

“…4g). 49 The C 2 O 4 2− peaks in C 1s disappear in NCM-OH, indicating that NCM-OA is converted to NCM-OH hydroxide in 1.0 M KOH solution (Fig. 4h).…”

The Cross-Species Immunity During Acute Babesia Co-Infection in Mice

“…We illustrated that B. microti primary infection attenuated parasitemia peak and slightly exacerbated anemia in co-infected mice. In contrast, the Br mice which received no primary infection manifested a rapid increase in parasitemia and exacerbated anemia ( Wang et al., 2016 ). Thus, our current findings verified that the previously demonstrated cross-protection exhibited during the chronic B. microti - B. rodhaini co-infection ( Li et al., 2012 ) also occurs and commences at a specific time point during the acute stage of co-infection.…”

“…Parasitemia, body weight, hematocrit values, and survival rates were regularly monitored every other day. Hematocrit values were measured as previously described ( Wang et al., 2016 ). Approximately 10 μL of blood was withdrawn from the tail vein of the mouse and diluted 200 times with Isotonac 3 buffer (Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan).…”

“…Previously, immunity to babesiosis had been demonstrated in a phenomenon referred to as heterologous immunity. To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have investigated B. microti and B. rodhaini co-infections experimentally using mouse models ( Cox & Young, 1969 ; Zivkovic et al., 1984 ; Inoue et al., 1994 ; Li et al., 2012 ; Wang et al., 2016 ). Babesia microti provided cross-protective immunity against B. rodhaini ( Li et al., 2012 ).…”