Prevention and treatment of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in children and adolescents: Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) guidelines

Khadilkar, Anuradha; Khadilkar, Vaman; Chinnappa, Jagdish; Rathi, Narendra; Khadgawat, Rajesh; Balasubramanian, Sundaram; Parekh, Bakul Jayant; Jog, Pramod

doi:10.1007/s13312-017-1070-x

Cited by 93 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Prevalence of lactose intolerance also contributes to vitamin D deficiency in this setting [47]. Currently, there is no national program of vitamin D supplementation for infants and children, but the Indian Academy of Pediatrics guidelines recommend daily vitamin D supplementation in doses of 400 IU up to 1 year of age and 600 IU from 1 to 18 years of age [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Chowdhury

Taneja

Kvestad

et al. 2020

Nutr J

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Background: Vitamin D is important for brain function and linear growth. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been linked with impaired neurodevelopment during early childhood. However, there is limited evidence from population-based studies on the long-term impact of vitamin D deficiency on cognitive development and linear growth. The objective of the current analysis is to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during infancy and early childhood is associated with cognitive development and linear growth measured in school age. Methods: This is a follow-up study of a placebo-controlled trial among 1000 North Indian children 6-30 months of age. We measured growth and neurodevelopment in 791 of these children when they were 6-9 years old. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition INDIA , the Crichton Verbal Scale, NEPSY-II subtests, and the BRIEF 2. We categorized vitamin D concentrations during infancy and early childhood according to the US Institute of Medicine's recommendations; serum 25(OH)D < 12 ng/ml as deficient; 12-20 ng/ml as inadequate; > 20 ng/ml as sufficient. In multivariable regression models, adjusting for relevant confounders, we estimated the association between vitamin D status, growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes.Results: Among the 791 children, baseline vitamin D status was available for 716. Of these, 45.8% were vitamin D deficient, 32.7% were inadequate, and 21.5% were sufficient. Vitamin D status was not associated with any of the cognitive outcomes or linear growth [Adjusted β coefficient for height for age z-score between deficient and sufficient children was − 0.06 (95% CI − 0.24 to 0.11)] at follow up.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Chowdhury

Taneja

Kvestad

et al. 2020

Nutr J

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“…Indian Academy of Paediatrics has recommended routine vitamin D supplementation of 400 IU/day till 1 year of age to prevent rickets. 20 Currently, national guidelines on routine vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy is not available in India.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D status of pregnant women and their infants in South India: VIPIS study

Navaneethan¹,

Mani²,

Shrestha³

et al. 2019

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Aim was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their infants and to analyse the effect of maternal vitamin D deficiency on the infant.Methods: A prospective study was done in the Department of Obstetrics and Neonatology in a tertiary centre in South India with 150 women seen in the antenatal clinic after 36 weeks of pregnancy were recruited. Serum vitamin D levels were obtained. Babies were followed up and sampled once between 10 and 20 weeks of age for vitamin D, calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase. Vitamin D levels less than 20 ng/ml was considered as deficiency. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS 16.0 version.Results: Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 64.8% of the pregnant women. Follow up of 76 babies showed vitamin D deficiency in 72.6% infants. Significantly high levels of alkaline phosphatase were noted in infants who were born to mothers with vitamin D deficiency, which indicates risk of developing bone disease.Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their infants in South India in a region with abundant sunshine. This study also emphasises treating vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy to reduce the risk of developing rickets in infancy.

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“…Babies of mothers with vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy should be supplemented with vitamin D and calcium. 27 As a high number of Indian pregnant mothers are vitamin D deficient, routine screening of all pregnant mothers for vitamin D deficiency may not be cost effective. On the other hand, universal supplementation with vitamin D may be a better option in terms of health benefits to both mother and the baby.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study to evaluate serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and calcium levels in maternal and cord blood and their effect on pregnancy outcome

Thangappah

Sampson

Azad

et al. 2019

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant mothers and their neonates and to study the effect of vitamin D deficiency on maternal and perinatal outcome.Methods: This prospective cohort study conducted in a teaching hospital included 223 pregnant mothers and their offspring born in 2017. Detailed history was taken to ascertain the causes of vitamin D deficiency. vitamin D3 and calcium levels were estimated in maternal and cord blood samples. To study the association between the vitamin D status and the various maternal and neonatal parameters.Results: 91.9 % of women were house wives involved in indoor activities. Pre-eclampsia and GDM were seen in 4.5% of cases each. 5.41% were obese and 84% were of medium complexion, and 8% were dark. 93.7% were non- vegetarians, and fish, egg and milk consumption was adequate in 61.3% , 64% and 71% respectively. Only 5.40% of women had adequate exposure to sunlight. The mean birth weight was 3.08± 0.36 Kg. and 14 babies were admitted to NICU for neonatal asphyxia.77.40% had deficient levels of vitamin D <20 ng/ml. Only four pregnant mothers (1.8%) had sufficient levels vitamin D. There was no statistically significant association between vitamin D deficiency and various maternal and neonatal parameters.Conclusions: This study has shown that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among south Indian pregnant mothers and their newborn is very high and the ways to improve the vitamin D status among pregnant mothers should be looked at.

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Prevention and treatment of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in children and adolescents: Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) guidelines

Cited by 93 publications

References 35 publications

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Vitamin D status in early childhood is not associated with cognitive development and linear growth at 6–9 years of age in North Indian children: a cohort study

Vitamin D status of pregnant women and their infants in South India: VIPIS study

A study to evaluate serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and calcium levels in maternal and cord blood and their effect on pregnancy outcome

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