Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract

Objective. To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with gout and to examine the association between the 2 conditions in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods. Using data from 8,807 participants age >20 years in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 -1994), we determined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among individuals with gout and quantified the magnitude of association between the 2 conditions. We used both the revised and original National -4.61), respectively. With the original NCEP/ATP criteria, the corresponding prevalences were slightly lower, whereas the corresponding odds ratios were slightly higher. The stratified prevalences of metabolic syndrome by major associated factors of gout (i.e., body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes) remained substantially and significantly higher among those with gout than those without gout (all P values <0.05). Conclusion. These findings indicate that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is remarkably high among individuals with gout. Given the serious complications associated with metabolic syndrome, this frequent comorbidity should be recognized and taken into account in long-term treatment and overall health of individuals with gout.

Impact of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia on gout development with or without hyperuricemia: A prospective study

“…As expected, an enhanced combined effect was noted for gout development as compared with individual effect. Furthermore, the impact of metabolic syndrome on gout development was significant in men, which is comparable to previous reports (3,16,17). In addition, metabolic syndrome noted at baseline can predict a future gout event, even if the urate is unsaturated for precipitation.…”

“…The associations between hyperuricemia and comorbidities, such as hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, have been shown in many epidemiologic studies (2,3). The growing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome may be related to the increasing prevalence of gouty arthritis in recent decades (4).…”

“…The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reported a remarkably high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia or gout (3,5). Although the most important risk factor for gout development is hyperuricemia (1), only one-tenth of hyperuricemic patients develop gout.…”

Treating gout with pegloticase, a PEGylated urate oxidase, provides insight into the importance of uric acid as an antioxidant in vivo

“…Chronic hyperuricemia leads to the deposition in tissues of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which are proinflammatory and cause gout, a form of arthritis affecting 3-5 million people in the United States (9)(10)(11). Both hyperuricemia itself and gout are strongly associated with conditions thought to result from or to cause oxidative stress, including obesity, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).The role of urate in these conditions remains uncertain.…”

When to Start Urate Lowering Therapy?

“…8 Hyperuricemia and gout are common features of metabolic syndrome, alongside hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and obesity (the traditional CV risk factors). In gout, the presence of these comorbidities is significantly increased when compared with the general population 9 , at a rate even higher than other rheumatic diseases. 10 The coexistence of traditional CV risk factors in patients with gout has commonly been considered the main reason for the increased CV risk.…”