Prevalence of Refractive Error in the United States, 1999-2004

Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

“…However, this age-related change in refraction may also occur irrespective of visible lens opacity; in the Beaver Dam Study, a 10-year longitudinal myopic shift (−0.19D, 95 % CI −0.32 to −0.06, p < 0.001) was observed in those over 70 years old, even after adjusting for nuclear sclerosis grading [ 17 ]. We did not confirm the observation of previous studies of higher myopia prevalence in women [ 20 ].…”

Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

“…However, this age-related change in refraction may also occur irrespective of visible lens opacity; in the Beaver Dam Study, a 10-year longitudinal myopic shift (−0.19D, 95 % CI −0.32 to −0.06, p < 0.001) was observed in those over 70 years old, even after adjusting for nuclear sclerosis grading [ 17 ]. We did not confirm the observation of previous studies of higher myopia prevalence in women [ 20 ].…”

Refractive Error in Nigerian Adults: Prevalence, Type, and Spectacle Coverage

“…Participants with manual occupations and those living in rural areas were also more likely to be myopic and have astigmatism. Some of these findings contrast with other populationbased studies, which have shown associations between myopia, higher education levels, professional occupations and residence in urban areas 25,26,32,33,40,43,46,48,51 (in support of the use-abuse theory of myopia). There are, however, exceptions to these trends: The Baltimore Eye Study showed that the association between years of education and myopia was stronger for white persons than for black persons, 35 the Chennai Study (India) showed a higher prevalence of myopia in participants living in rural areas, 49 and the Bangladesh study showed a significantly lower risk of myopia with literacy, urban living, and nonmanual occupation.…”

The visual status of adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a population study

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Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

“…However, this age-related change in refraction may also occur irrespective of visible lens opacity; in the Beaver Dam Study, a 10-year longitudinal myopic shift (−0.19D, 95 % CI −0.32 to −0.06, p < 0.001) was observed in those over 70 years old, even after adjusting for nuclear sclerosis grading [ 17 ]. We did not confirm the observation of previous studies of higher myopia prevalence in women [ 20 ].…”

Refractive Error in Nigerian Adults: Prevalence, Type, and Spectacle Coverage

“…Participants with manual occupations and those living in rural areas were also more likely to be myopic and have astigmatism. Some of these findings contrast with other populationbased studies, which have shown associations between myopia, higher education levels, professional occupations and residence in urban areas 25,26,32,33,40,43,46,48,51 (in support of the use-abuse theory of myopia). There are, however, exceptions to these trends: The Baltimore Eye Study showed that the association between years of education and myopia was stronger for white persons than for black persons, 35 the Chennai Study (India) showed a higher prevalence of myopia in participants living in rural areas, 49 and the Bangladesh study showed a significantly lower risk of myopia with literacy, urban living, and nonmanual occupation.…”

The visual status of adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a population study

“……”

Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium

“…However, this age-related change in refraction may also occur irrespective of visible lens opacity; in the Beaver Dam Study, a 10-year longitudinal myopic shift (−0.19D, 95 % CI −0.32 to −0.06, p < 0.001) was observed in those over 70 years old, even after adjusting for nuclear sclerosis grading [ 17 ]. We did not confirm the observation of previous studies of higher myopia prevalence in women [ 20 ].…”

Refractive Error in Nigerian Adults: Prevalence, Type, and Spectacle Coverage

“…Participants with manual occupations and those living in rural areas were also more likely to be myopic and have astigmatism. Some of these findings contrast with other populationbased studies, which have shown associations between myopia, higher education levels, professional occupations and residence in urban areas 25,26,32,33,40,43,46,48,51 (in support of the use-abuse theory of myopia). There are, however, exceptions to these trends: The Baltimore Eye Study showed that the association between years of education and myopia was stronger for white persons than for black persons, 35 the Chennai Study (India) showed a higher prevalence of myopia in participants living in rural areas, 49 and the Bangladesh study showed a significantly lower risk of myopia with literacy, urban living, and nonmanual occupation.…”

The visual status of adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a population study

“……”