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Objective. To study the changes in the intestinal flora and its relationship with nutritional status for patients with cancer pain. Methods. A prospective research method was adopted. One hundred twenty cancer patients with cancer pain were selected as the research objects, who were treated in our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020, and 120 cancer patients without cancer pain were selected as the control group, who were treated in the same period. The differences of the intestinal flora and nutritional status of patients with different severity between the observation group and the control group were compared to analyze the changes of intestinal flora in patients with cancer pain and its correlation with nutritional status. Results. Hemoglobin (HB) ( t = 17.141 , p ≤ 0.001 ), albumin (ALB) ( t = 27.654 , p ≤ 0.001 ), prealbumin (PAB) ( t = 96.192 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and total protein (TP) ( t = 18.781 , p ≤ 0.001 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in HB ( f = 13.569 , p ≤ 0.001 ), ALB ( f = 22.229 , p ≤ 0.001 ), PAB ( f = 19.521 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and TP ( f = 21.451 , p ≤ 0.001 ) among patients with cancer pain of different severity. Through these two comparisons, their nutritional indicators showed a significant downward trend with the increase in the severity for cancer pain patients; the levels of Lactobacillus ( t = 2.124 , p = 0.035 ), Bifidobacterium ( t = 4.823 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Enterococcus ( t = 3.578 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and Eubacterium ( t = 2.394 , p = 0.017 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of Lactobacillus ( f = 20.643 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Bifidobacterium ( f = 19.129 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Enterococcus ( f = 17.408 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and Eubacterium ( f = 22.343 , p ≤ 0.001 ) among patients with cancer pain of different severity. After pairwise comparison, their beneficial intestinal bacteria were significantly lower than those in the control group with the increase in pain in cancer pain patients. Nitric oxide (NO) ( t = 8.418 , p ≤ 0.001 ), galectin-3 ( t = 14.043 , p ≤ 0.001 ), occludin (OCLN) ( t = 47.308 , p ≤ 0.001 ), galectin-1 ( t = 15.298 , p ≤ 0.001 ), zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) ( t = 23.093 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and cingulin ( t = 340.198 , p ≤ 0.001 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in NO, galectin-3, OCLN, galectin-1, ZO-1, and cingulin for patients with cancer pain of different severity. By comparison, the NO, galectin-3, OCLN, galectin-1, ZO-1, and cingulin of the patients showed a significant downward trend with the aggravation of cancer pain symptoms. Through correlation analysis, the nutritional indicators of patients were positively correlated with intestinal microorganisms and intestinal barrier function. Conclusion. There was a significant correlation between the changes in intestinal flora and nutritional status for patients with cancer pain, which could be used as an important basis for improving the treatment of cancer pain.
Objective. To study the changes in the intestinal flora and its relationship with nutritional status for patients with cancer pain. Methods. A prospective research method was adopted. One hundred twenty cancer patients with cancer pain were selected as the research objects, who were treated in our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020, and 120 cancer patients without cancer pain were selected as the control group, who were treated in the same period. The differences of the intestinal flora and nutritional status of patients with different severity between the observation group and the control group were compared to analyze the changes of intestinal flora in patients with cancer pain and its correlation with nutritional status. Results. Hemoglobin (HB) ( t = 17.141 , p ≤ 0.001 ), albumin (ALB) ( t = 27.654 , p ≤ 0.001 ), prealbumin (PAB) ( t = 96.192 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and total protein (TP) ( t = 18.781 , p ≤ 0.001 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in HB ( f = 13.569 , p ≤ 0.001 ), ALB ( f = 22.229 , p ≤ 0.001 ), PAB ( f = 19.521 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and TP ( f = 21.451 , p ≤ 0.001 ) among patients with cancer pain of different severity. Through these two comparisons, their nutritional indicators showed a significant downward trend with the increase in the severity for cancer pain patients; the levels of Lactobacillus ( t = 2.124 , p = 0.035 ), Bifidobacterium ( t = 4.823 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Enterococcus ( t = 3.578 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and Eubacterium ( t = 2.394 , p = 0.017 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of Lactobacillus ( f = 20.643 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Bifidobacterium ( f = 19.129 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Enterococcus ( f = 17.408 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and Eubacterium ( f = 22.343 , p ≤ 0.001 ) among patients with cancer pain of different severity. After pairwise comparison, their beneficial intestinal bacteria were significantly lower than those in the control group with the increase in pain in cancer pain patients. Nitric oxide (NO) ( t = 8.418 , p ≤ 0.001 ), galectin-3 ( t = 14.043 , p ≤ 0.001 ), occludin (OCLN) ( t = 47.308 , p ≤ 0.001 ), galectin-1 ( t = 15.298 , p ≤ 0.001 ), zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) ( t = 23.093 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and cingulin ( t = 340.198 , p ≤ 0.001 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in NO, galectin-3, OCLN, galectin-1, ZO-1, and cingulin for patients with cancer pain of different severity. By comparison, the NO, galectin-3, OCLN, galectin-1, ZO-1, and cingulin of the patients showed a significant downward trend with the aggravation of cancer pain symptoms. Through correlation analysis, the nutritional indicators of patients were positively correlated with intestinal microorganisms and intestinal barrier function. Conclusion. There was a significant correlation between the changes in intestinal flora and nutritional status for patients with cancer pain, which could be used as an important basis for improving the treatment of cancer pain.
Researchhas shown that posttraumatic reactions can co‐occur in trauma‐exposed individuals. Many studies have assessed the co‐occurring patterns of two types of reactions, but few have assessed the patterns of multiple reactions. To build on existing knowledge, the present study examined co‐occurring patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Participants ( N = 683) were adolescents selected from an area in China severely affected by COVID‐19 who completed the PTSD Checklist, a measure of depression, a PTG inventory, and a cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analyses. The results showed three heterogeneous patterns characterized by growth ( n = 248, 36.3%), distress ( n = 101, 14.8%), and struggle ( n = 334, 48.9%). Positive refocusing and reappraisal were associated with membership in the growth group compared with distress group, OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.75, 0.93] and OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.68, 0.90], whereas rumination, catastrophizing, and “putting into perspective” were associated with membership in the distress group compared with growth group, OR s = 1.15–1.44. These findings suggest that posttraumatic reactions show heterogeneous characteristics: struggle, rather than growth or distress, is common among adolescents during COVID‐19; and distinct cognitive emotional regulation strategies have distinguishing roles in the three patterns of posttraumatic reactions.
BackgroundThe recognition of a symptom is needed to initiate a decision to engage in a behavior to ameliorate the symptom. Yet, a surprising number of individuals fail to detect symptoms and delay in addressing early warnings of a health problem.PurposeThe aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that symptom recognition mediates the relationship between monitoring for and management of symptoms of a chronic illness.MethodsA secondary analysis of existing cross-sectional data. A sample of 1,629 patients diagnosed with one or more chronic conditions was enrolled in the United States (US) (n = 407), Italy (n = 784) and Sweden (n = 438) between March 2015 and May 2019. Data on self-care monitoring, symptom recognition, and self-care management was assessed using the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory. After confirming metric invariance in cultural assessment, we used structural equation modeling to test a mediation model where symptom recognition was conceptualized as the mediator linking self-care monitoring and self-care management with autonomous (e.g., Change your activity level) and consulting behaviors (e.g., Call your healthcare provider for guidance).ResultsSymptom recognition mediated the relation between self-care monitoring and autonomous self-care management behaviors (β = 0.098, β = 0.122, β = 0.081, p < 0.001 for US, Italy, and Sweden, respectively). No mediation effect was found for consulting self-care management behaviors.ConclusionOur findings suggests that symptom recognition promotes autonomous self-care behaviors in people with a chronic condition. Self-care monitoring directly affects consulting self-care management behaviors but not through symptom recognition. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of symptom recognition in the self-care process.
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