Prevalence of myopia in Indian school children: Meta-analysis of last four decades

Agarwal, Divya; Saxena, Rohit; Gupta, Vivek; Kalaivani, Mani; Dhiman, Rebika; Bhardawaj, Amit; Vashist, Praveen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240750

Cited by 36 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…These include excessive near work and reduced outdoor activities, less exposure to sunlight, and more digital gadget usage in dim light conditions. [ 4 5 6 7 ] Recent studies show that people with high educational qualifications have longer eyeballs compared to people with a lower education background. [ 8 ]…”

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confidence: 99%

Correlation of vitreous chamber depth with ocular biometry in high axial myopia

Paritala

Takkar

Gaur

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: The proportion of axial length (AL) occupied by vitreous chamber depth (VCD), or VCD:AL, consistently correlates to ocular biometry in the general population. Relation of VCD:AL to ocular biometry in high myopia is not known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relation of VCD and VCD:AL to ocular biometry of highly myopic eyes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study of records of 214 myopic eyes (<−1 D SE, aged 20–40 years) attending the refractive surgery services. High axial myopia was defined as AL >26.5 mm. Eyes with posterior staphyloma and myopic maculopathy were excluded. Records were assessed for measurements of AL, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), white to white diameter (WTW), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD). Groups were formed based on increasing AL, while the sum of CCT, ACD, and LT was recorded as anterior segment depth (AS). The main outcome measure was the correlation of VCD and VCD:AL to ocular biometry. A comparison was also performed based on of degree of axial myopia. Results: Mean age of the patients was 27.0 ± 5.2 years. VCD showed a very strong correlation with AL (R = 0.98, P < 0.001) but did not correlate to any anterior parameter. VCD:AL showed moderate negative relation with AS (R = −0.43, P < 0.001) and ACD (R = −0.3, P < 0.001), while it had a weakly negative relation with LT (R = −0.18, P = 0.006). VCD:AL showed strong negative relation (R > ~0.7) with AS in all individual groups of AL. Among anterior parameters, WTW showed the most consistent relation with ocular biometry. Conclusion: VCD:AL is a better correlate of ocular biometry in high myopia as compared to VCD. However, the correlation is weaker than that noted by previous studies done on the general population. Longitudinal studies of VCD:AL in the younger age group is recommended.

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confidence: 99%

Correlation of vitreous chamber depth with ocular biometry in high axial myopia

Paritala

Takkar

Gaur

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…7 Meta-analysis of the last four decades by Agarwal et al showed 10% prevalence of myopia among Indian school children. 8 Higher prevalence was found by Holden et al and Fan et al as 22.9% and 36.71% respectively which is a contrast to a recent study 12.2%…”

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confidence: 61%

The Prevalence of Myopia Among School-Going Children (6-14 Years)

Rajguru¹,

Kumar²

2021

IJMBS

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Background: Refractive errors are one of the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. Uncorrected, under corrected and undetected refractive errors among school-going children are the most significant problem in developing countries like India. Schools are the best place for early detection of ocular morbidity. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism are the three main types of refractive errors, of which myopia is the most common type in school-going children. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried among school-going. 500 students were selected conveniently. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive statistics were used and a Chi-square test of significance was applied. Results: The prevalence of myopia was found to be 12.2%. There is a significant association between the Age & sex and the presence of myopia. Conclusions: Myopia is the most common refractive errors among school-going children that can be treated with early intervention to prevent irreversible complications Keywords: Prevalence, Refractive error, Myopia, Risk factors

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“…15 Meta-analysis of the last four decades by Agarwal et al showed 10% prevalence of myopia among Indian school children. 16 Higher prevalence was found by Holden et al and Fan et al as 22.9% and 36.71% respectively which is a contrast to a recent study by Grzybowski et al, where the prevalence of myopia was found to be low under 10% in African and South American children. [17][18][19] In this study, there is a statistically significant association between reading hours (1-2 hours) and myopia among school children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The prevalence of myopia among school-going children (6-14 years) in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu: a cross-sectional study

Dhivyaa

Kalyani

Felix

2021

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: Refractive errors are one of the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. Uncorrected, under corrected and undetected refractive errors among school-going children are the most significant problem in developing countries like India. Schools are the best place for early detection of ocular morbidity. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism are the three main types of refractive errors, of which myopia is the most common type in school-going children.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out for the period of 6 months from October 2019 to March 2020 among school-going children in the field practice area of Chidambaram. 575 students from two government and 2 private schools were selected conveniently. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 23. Descriptive statistics were used and a Chi-square test of significance was applied.Results: The prevalence of myopia was found to be 12.9%. There is a significant association between the frequency of reading hours, time spent on outdoor activities and mobile usage and the presence of myopia (p<0.05).Conclusions: The risk factors like hours of reading books, time spent on outdoor activities and mobile usage are the contributing factors for the development of refractive error like myopia. They are easily detectable through the program on eye screening of school children.

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Prevalence of myopia in Indian school children: Meta-analysis of last four decades

Cited by 36 publications

References 50 publications

Correlation of vitreous chamber depth with ocular biometry in high axial myopia

Correlation of vitreous chamber depth with ocular biometry in high axial myopia

The Prevalence of Myopia Among School-Going Children (6-14 Years)

The prevalence of myopia among school-going children (6-14 years) in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu: a cross-sectional study

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