“…Co-infections between C. daubneyi and F. hepatica within G. truncatula were recorded, however, these were rare as was seen in comprehensive studies in France (Rondelaud et al, 2004, Rondelaud et al, 2016). This lack of co-infections could be an indication of competition occurring in the field, with secondary infecting fluke species failing to establish in the snail, or its successful infection leading to snail death due to internal pressures (Goumghar et al, 2000). Competition between C. daubneyi and F. hepatica has already been demonstrated in laboratory studies, with interspecies predation, competition for nutrients and changing biochemical composition of snail tissue all antagonising factors observed when co-infections of both species were initiated (Chipev et al, 1985, Rondelaud et al, 2007).…”