Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium species infections among children and cattle in North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundGiardia and Cryptosporidium are the most common causes of protozoan diarrhea that lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium species infections among children and cattle, and to assess the potential risk of zoonotic transmission.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2009 in Girar Jarso and Dera Districts of North Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. A total of 768 stool specimens were collected and examined for intestinal parasites using direct wet mount with saline and formalin ether concentration methods. The modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method was used for the detection of Cryptosporidium species. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 15.ResultsOut of 384 children examined, 53 (13.8%) and 28 (7.3%) were positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections, respectively. Similarly, of the total 384 cattle examined, 9 (2.3%) were positive for Giardia duodenalis and 30 (7.8%) were positive for Cryptosporidium infection. The prevalence of giardiasis was significantly higher among children who had close contact with cattle 33 (18.7%) compared to children who had no contact with cattle 20 (9.6%) (P < 0.05). Higher number of Cryptosporidium infection was also recorded in children who had close contact with cattle 15 (8.5%). Difference in prevalence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis among children was not statistically significant between males and females. On the other hand, difference in the prevalence of giardiasis among children was statistically significant between age groups.ConclusionsHigher prevalence of Giardia duodenalis infection detected among children was significantly associated with contact with cattle and manure that the children had. Further analysis using molecular techniques is needed to explain the existence of zoonotic transmission in the study area.

Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cattle and their Breeders

“…The infection rate across regions ranged from 21.87% to 40.74%. This result agreed with results obtained by Wegayehu et al (2013). The infection rate of males (24.24%) and females (38.18%) of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

“…In regards with the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in breeders of cattle the estimation ranged between 8.5% -37.50% (Byomi et al, 2010;Naguib et al, 2013;Wegayehu et al, 2013). The objective of this study was to identify the relation between the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Low sensitivity of the ImmunocardSTAT® Crypto/Giardia Rapid Assay test for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in fecal samples from children living in Libreville, Central Africa

“…Moreover, the Immunocardstat Crypto/ Giardia was not already evaluated in non diarrheic patients. Cysts and vegetative forms were detected in 18.5 % of children, confirming the existence of a non-negligible human reservoir of G. duodenalis among adults and children, as described elsewhere (Ouattara et al 2008;Wegayehu et al 2013). Moreover, at the Plaine-Orety district of Gabon, the proportion of children with C. spp.…”

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in Cattle within Mandalay Region, Myanmar

“…Although Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections have been reported for cattle in many parts of the world, prevalence data have often varied markedly. The present detection rate of Cryptosporidium infection based on microscopic examination is much higher compared to the obtained prevalence in former studies in Thailand, Argentina, Ethiopia, England, India and Wales with the prevalence of 0.6, 19.35, 7.8, 12.50 and 10.2 per cent, respectively (Jittapalapong et al, 2006;Tiranti et al, 2011;Wegayehu et al, 2013;Singla et al, 2013;Smith et al, 2014). Similar results with this study, high prevalence rates were also reported in Canada, Germany, Nigeria, Tanzania and Brazil with the prevalence rates of 32, 41.3, 33.0, 35 and 45 per cent, respectively (Budu-Amoako et al, 2012;Gillhuber et al, 2014;Faleke et al, 2014;Swai and Schoonman, 2010;Almeida et al, 2010).…”