Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in Northern Iran

Najafi, Saeideh; Ghane, Masood; Poortahmasebi, Vahdat; Jazayeri, Seyed Mohammad; Yousefzadeh-Chabok, Shahrokh

doi:10.5812/jjm.36582

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In a case-control study in northern Iran, Najafi and colleagues found the DNA of CMV in 28% of patients with MS compared with only 2% in the control group. 31 Zivadinov and others reported a relationship between positive titer of CMV antibody and better clinical outcomes of MS, including a later onset of disease development in the lifetime, lower relapse of the disease, and less brain atrophy through MRI evaluation. 32 In contrast to Zivadinov and others, Salim and co-workers reported that CMV infection could intensify the clinical symptoms in patients with MS 32,33 , but our study suggests no association between a positive CMV infection and MS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular Detection of Epstein–Barr Virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, Cytomegalovirus, and Hepatitis B Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Asouri

Sahraian

Karimpoor

et al. 2020

Middle East J Dig Dis

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BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with significant morbidity. A wide spectrum of risk factors has been suggested that triggers the development of MS. Among them, several viral infections have been implicated to play a role in MS pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between viral diseases, including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and MS in the present case-control study. METHODS About 100 patients with confirmed MS and age- and sex-matched individuals were selected as case and control groups, respectively. The patients were randomly selected from individuals diagnosed by neurologists based on the clinical signs and symptoms and imaging procedures. RESULTS More than 100 patients with MS and patients who were referred for other causes were analyzed for the presence of DNA of EBV, HHV6, CMV, and HBV separately. 9.37% of the control group had a positive test for the DNA of EBV in a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while the frequency of positive test result was zero in the case group (p = 0.0012). HBV DNA was not detected in both the case and control groups. The prevalence of CMV was 0.88 and zero in the control and case groups, respectively (p = 0.3410). For HHV6, 9.73 % of the control group had a positive result, while this test was positive in 5.88% of the patients with MS (p = 0.2959). CONCLUSION We detected a significantly higher number of individuals with DNA of EBV in their blood among the control group compared with the case group. In conclusion, the results suggest a surprisingly adverse association between MS and EBV, and no association was found between the presence of DNA of HBV, CMV, and HHV6 and MS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular Detection of Epstein–Barr Virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, Cytomegalovirus, and Hepatitis B Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Asouri

Sahraian

Karimpoor

et al. 2020

Middle East J Dig Dis

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“…The association of CMV and MS pathogenesis remains inconclusive. In two studies, higher loads of CMV DNA were demonstrated in an Iranian cohort of MS patients when compared to the controls [52,53]. Corroborating these data were findings that opportunistic reactivation of CMV infection can also occur in MS patients with this reactivation potentially exacerbating existing MS [54,55].…”

Section: Beta-herpesviruses (Cmv)mentioning

confidence: 97%

Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Tarlinton

Martynova

Rizvanov

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease, where the underlying etiological cause remains elusive. Multiple triggering factors have been suggested, including environmental, genetic and gender components. However, underlying infectious triggers to the disease are also suspected. There is an increasing abundance of evidence supporting a viral etiology to MS, including the efficacy of interferon therapy and over-detection of viral antibodies and nucleic acids when compared with healthy patients. Several viruses have been proposed as potential triggering agents, including Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella–zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, John Cunningham virus and human endogenous retroviruses. These viruses are all near ubiquitous and have a high prevalence in adult populations (or in the case of the retroviruses are actually part of the genome). They can establish lifelong infections with periods of reactivation, which may be linked to the relapsing nature of MS. In this review, the evidence for a role for viral infection in MS will be discussed with an emphasis on immune system activation related to MS disease pathogenesis.

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“…With regard to molecular evidence supporting a relationship between MS and HCMV infection, two different studies found higher HCMV DNA loads in a cohort of MS patients compared to HCs [ 202 , 203 ]. Moreover, the same authors detected positivity for anti-HCMV IgG antibodies in almost 80% of the MS patients examined.…”

Section: The Main Autoimmune Diseases Associated With Hcmv Infectimentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We?

Gugliesi

Pasquero

Griffante

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the β-subgroup of the herpesvirus family. After the initial infection, the virus establishes latency in poorly differentiated myeloid precursors from where it can reactivate at later times to cause recurrences. In immunocompetent subjects, primary HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic, while in immunocompromised patients, HCMV infection can lead to severe, life-threatening diseases, whose clinical severity parallels the degree of immunosuppression. The existence of a strict interplay between HCMV and the immune system has led many to hypothesize that HCMV could also be involved in autoimmune diseases (ADs). Indeed, signs of active viral infection were later found in a variety of different ADs, such as rheumatological, neurological, enteric disorders, and metabolic diseases. In addition, HCMV infection has been frequently linked to increased production of autoantibodies, which play a driving role in AD progression, as observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Documented mechanisms of HCMV-associated autoimmunity include molecular mimicry, inflammation, and nonspecific B-cell activation. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the various ADs arising from or exacerbating upon HCMV infection, focusing on the potential role of HCMV-mediated immune activation at disease onset.

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Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in Northern Iran

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Molecular Detection of Epstein–Barr Virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, Cytomegalovirus, and Hepatitis B Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Molecular Detection of Epstein–Barr Virus, Human Herpes Virus 6, Cytomegalovirus, and Hepatitis B Virus in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Role of Viruses in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We?

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