Prevalence of Antibodies against Seasonal Influenza A and B Viruses in Children in Netherlands

Bodewes, Rogier; Mutsert, Gerrie de; Klis, Fiona R.M. van der; Ventresca, M.; Wilks, Samuel; Smith, Derek J.; Koopmans, Marion; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F.

doi:10.1128/cvi.00396-10

Cited by 168 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Influenza A virus antibodies were frequent, suggesting that these infections are common in young children, which is in line with the findings of previous studies [10,11]. The fact that antibodies did not differ between case and control children suggests that influenza A virus infections are not associated with the initiation of islet autoimmunity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes

et al. 2015

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Aims/hypothesis Viral infections have long been considered potential triggers of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Recent studies have suggested that influenza A virus might increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. The present study evaluates this risk association in prospectively observed children at the time when islet autoimmunity starts and autoantibodies are first detected. Methods IgG class antibodies to influenza A virus were analysed in 95 case children whose antibody screening test turned permanently positive for two or more islet autoantibodies and from 186 autoantibody-negative and non-diabetic control children who were matched for time of birth, sex, date of sampling and HLA-conferred risk of diabetes in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Virus antibodies were measured from the first autoantibody-positive sample using an enzyme immunoassay. None of the children had been vaccinated against influenza A. Results The prevalence of influenza A virus antibodies did not differ between the case and control children (42% vs 38%; p=0.392) and the median antibody levels were also comparable in the two groups (3.0 vs 3.8 enzyme immunoassay units). A similar result was obtained when case and control children were compared separately in subgroups according to different sex, age and HLA-DQ genotype. However, girls had higher antibody levels than boys among both case and control children (median antibody levels 9.0 vs 2.3 enzyme immunoassay units; p=0.01). Conclusions/interpretation Our results suggest that influenza A infections are not associated with the development of islet autoimmunity in young children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes

et al. 2015

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“…Surprisingly, three sera (from the youngest infants) had almost uniform HI titers with all mutants that were either the same as that of A/Netherlands/602/09 or much lower. Infection in the presence of maternally derived antibodies or mechanisms associated with the transformation of the neonatal immune system to a more mature immunological phenotype may explain the difference from the other infant sera (43,44). Nevertheless, the different reactivities of these three sera warrant further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions Supporting Antigenic Change of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses

Koel

Mögling

Chutinimitkul

et al. 2015

J Virol

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The majority of currently circulating influenza A(H1N1) viruses are antigenically similar to the virus that caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. However, antigenic variants are expected to emerge as population immunity increases. Amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin protein can result in escape from neutralizing antibodies, affect viral fitness, and change receptor preference. In this study, we constructed mutants with substitutions in the hemagglutinin of A/Netherlands/602/09 in an attenuated backbone to explore amino acid changes that may contribute to emergence of antigenic variants in the human population. Our analysis revealed that single substitutions affecting the loop that consists of amino acid positions 151 to 159 located adjacent to the receptor binding site caused escape from ferret and human antibodies elicited after primary A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. The majority of these substitutions resulted in similar or increased replication efficiency in vitro compared to that of the virus carrying the wild-type hemagglutinin and did not result in a change of receptor preference. However, none of the substitutions was sufficient for escape from the antibodies in sera from individuals that experienced both seasonal and pandemic A(H1N1) virus infections. These results suggest that antibodies directed against epitopes on seasonal A(H1N1) viruses contribute to neutralization of A(H1N1)pdm09 antigenic variants, thereby limiting the number of possible substitutions that could lead to escape from population immunity. A prerequisite for the influenza virus to infect the host cell is the binding of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein to sialylated glycan receptors on the host cell through its receptor binding site (RBS). HA is the main target of neutralizing antibodies and is therefore a critical component of influenza vaccines (5). Influenza viruses continually escape antibody-mediated neutralization by Citation Koel BF, Mögling R, Chutinimitkul S, Fraaij PL, Burke DF, van der Vliet S, de Wit E, Bestebroer TM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Smith DJ, Fouchier RAM, de Graaf M. 2015. Identification of amino acid substitutions supporting antigenic change of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses.

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“…The two child age groups mostly have a rather high attack rate, then it drops and stays rather constant in “younger” adulthood (15‐59 years) before it drops again in old age. Several other population‐based studies or analyses of surveillance data have observed that medically attended respiratory illnesses on primary care level decline with age 1, 21, 22, 23, 24. What this study adds is the additional information of the comprehensive burden of all‐influenza cases in primary care, be they mild or more severe, not only by age, but also by type/subtype, over a long time period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of influenza‐attributable medically attended acute respiratory illness by influenza type/subtype and age, Germany, 2001/02–2014/15

Heiden

Buchholz

2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThe total burden of influenza in primary care is difficult to assess. The case definition of medically attended “acute respiratory infection” (MAARI) in the German physician sentinel is sensitive; however, it requires modelling techniques to derive estimates of disease attributable to influenza. We aimed to examine the impact of type/subtype and age.MethodsData on MAARI and virological results of respiratory samples (virological sentinel) were available from 2001/02 until 2014/15. We constructed a generalized additive regression model for the periodic baseline and the secular trend. The weekly number of influenza‐positive samples represented influenza activity. In a second step, we distributed the estimated influenza‐attributable MAARI (iMAARI) according to the distribution of types/subtypes in the virological sentinel.ResultsSeason‐specific iMAARI ranged from 0.7% to 8.9% of the population. Seasons with the strongest impact were dominated by A(H3), and iMAARI attack rate of the pandemic 2009 (A(H1)pdm09) was 4.9%. Regularly the two child age groups (0‐4 and 5‐14 years old) had the highest iMAARI attack rates reaching frequently levels up to 15%‐20%. Influenza B affected the age group of 5‐ to 14‐year‐old children substantially more than any other age group. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated both comparability and stability of the model.ConclusionWe constructed a model that is well suited to estimate the substantial impact of influenza on the primary care sector. A(H3) causes overall the greatest number of iMAARI, and influenza B has the greatest impact on school‐age children. The model may incorporate time series of other pathogens as they become available.

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Prevalence of Antibodies against Seasonal Influenza A and B Viruses in Children in Netherlands

Cited by 168 publications

References 30 publications

Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes

Influenza A virus antibodies show no association with pancreatic islet autoantibodies in children genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes

Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions Supporting Antigenic Change of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses

Estimation of influenza‐attributable medically attended acute respiratory illness by influenza type/subtype and age, Germany, 2001/02–2014/15

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