Prevalence and Risk Factors for Bacterial Vaginosis and Other Vulvovaginitis in a Population of Sexually Active Adolescents from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Mascarenhas, Rita Elizabeth Moreira; Machado, Márcia Sacramento Cunha; Silva, Bruno Fernando Borges da Costa e; Pimentel, Rodrigo Fernandes Weyll; Ferreira, Tatiana Teixeira; Leoni, Fernanda; Grassi, Maria Fernanda Rios

doi:10.1155/2012/378640

Cited by 42 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Also similar to many other studies, the percentage of Trichomonas vaginalis was lower than the two other infections (11.2 %) (19,27). Other studies have reported different prevalence rates of these infections, but the variation could be due to factors like characteristics of the participants and methods of diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The Relationship Between Contraceptive Methods and Common Vaginal Infections

Shahinfar¹,

Nemanpour²

2016

Women Health Bull

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Background: Vaginitis is a common medical problem in females. Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis are the main etiologies of infectious vaginitis. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the relationship between contraceptive methods and common vaginal infections. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 females were evaluated from December 2012 to February 2013. The researcher-made questionnaire included questions about individual characteristics and contraceptive methods. The participants underwent a gynecological exam. Specimens were collected from posterior fornix of the subjects and polymerase chain reaction assay was done to diagnose vaginitis. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 17) and also descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square, t test and fisher's exact test). P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: On the basis of the findings, 43.6% of females suffered from vaginitis. Overall, 65.56% of participants used contraceptive methods. Condom use was the most prevalent method of contraception. A significant relationship was found between suffering from different types of common vaginal infections and using contraceptive methods (P = 0.017). The percentage of females with candidiasis amongst hormonal contraceptive users, and the percentage of individuals amongst non-hormonal contraceptive users were higher than the others. Conclusions: Contraceptives can increase the risk of vaginitis. Hence, health care providers should consider the probability of vaginitis in addition to the indications and contraindications of contraceptive methods and should guide couples in taking a step forward for improving their sexual and reproductive health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The Relationship Between Contraceptive Methods and Common Vaginal Infections

Shahinfar¹,

Nemanpour²

2016

Women Health Bull

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“…Similar study for assessing prevalence and risk factors on sexually active females carried out by Mascarenhas et al [1] in Brazil, and Bhalla et al in India [9] also signify that adolescent and women of child bearing age were more affected by infectious vaginitis. In our study, high cases of infectious vaginitis were observed in married women than unmarried females during the study period.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Approximately 5-10 million offices visits per year are attributed to vaginitis [1,2]. The most common diseases associated with vaginal infection involve bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis, which may often also infect in combination [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, caused by the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis with an estimated 170 million cases occurring worldwide each year [6]. Various studies have revealed that frequent etiology of vaginitis involves imbalances in the normal flora or pH of the vagina, unhygienic practices, improper care during menstruation, pregnancy, diabetes, broadspectrum antibiotic use, immunodeficiency, frequent douching, diaphragm use, oral contraceptives pill use and occasionally, hormonal and allergic factors [1,3,7,8]. Many studies suggest that oral and topical antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole, clindamycin as the stronghold available therapy for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis and antifungals such as fluconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole are effective in vaginal candidiasis or combined therapy in mixed infection cases [2,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Risk Factors and Medication Use for Infectious Vaginitis Among Females of Reproductive Age Visiting Maternity Hospital of Pokhara, Nepal

Dahal¹,

Jhendi²,

Pun³

et al. 2017

TOPHJ

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Background:Vaginitis is one of the most common gynecological problems in females especially in their reproductive ages and poses significant clinical consequences if left untreated. The study aims to assess the risk factors and medication used for its management in reproductive-aged females with vaginitis visiting maternity hospital of Pokhara, Nepal. Methods and Materials:A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on females of age group 15-49 years, diagnosed with infectious vaginitis for the period of two months. Assessment was made based on clinical profile, questionnaire and personnel interview. Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing the results of the study. Results:A total of 130 patients were enrolled in the study. Most patients were literate, married and from rural area. Bacterial and fungal infections were common cause for vaginitis representing 56% and 22% respectively. The study shows that the 70% females with infectious vaginitis had a practice of using plain cloth napkins, during their menstruation period and 35% had previous infection in reproductive organ, also risk factors such as pregnancy, use of oral contraceptive, recent antibiotics/steroid use, sexually transmitted disease (STD) and diabetes were commonly present in females with infectious vaginitis. The most frequently (75%) prescribed drug was topical antibacterial -antifungal agents. Metronidazole, cefpodoxime and ciprofloxacin were mostly prescribed among antibiotics whereas fluconazole and clotrimazole were among antifungals. Conclusion:The study recommends need of awareness and educational programs concerning reproductive health and hygiene for females in these areas. Prescribing trend shows slight discrepancy from standard treatment guidelines for vaginal infections.

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“…from vaginal mucosa can be explained by cultural habits of different regions, especially in regard to hygiene practices, as this factor is directly related to self-contamination because the yeast belongs to the normal gastrointestinal tract microbiota 3, 17, 18. On the other hand, similar studies in northeastern Brazil show fungal isolation in women with and without vulvovaginitis of up to 46% 1, 17, 19, 20. It is assumed that other factors besides those mentioned above may explain the high prevalence of Candida spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Candida spp. in cervical-vaginal samples and the in vitro susceptibility of isolates

Brandolt

Klafke

Gonçalves

et al. 2017

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

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Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infection of the genital mucosa caused by different species of the genus Candida. Considering the lack of data on this topic in the south of Brazil, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of Candida spp. in the cervical-vaginal mucosa of patients treated at a university hospital in southern Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the etiology and the susceptibility of the isolates against fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole and nystatin. Samples were collected at the gynecology clinic of the Federal Hospital of the University of Rio Grande, and the isolates were identified using phenotypic and biochemical tests. The susceptibility analysis was performed according to the CLSI M27-A2 protocol. Of the 263 patients included, Candida spp. was isolated in 27%, corresponding to a prevalence of approximately 15% for both VVC and colonization. More than 60% of the isolates were identified as Candida albicans; C. non-albicans was isolated at a rate of 8.6% in symptomatic patients and 14.3% in asymptomatic patients. The prevalence of resistance against fluconazole and itraconazole was 42% and 48%, respectively; the minimal inhibitory concentration of miconazole ranged from 0.031 to 8 μg/mL, and that of nystatin ranged from 2 to >16 μg/mL. The high rate of resistance to triazoles observed in our study suggests the necessity of the association of laboratory exams to clinical diagnosis to minimize the practice of empirical treatments that can contribute to the development of resistance in the isolates.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Bacterial Vaginosis and Other Vulvovaginitis in a Population of Sexually Active Adolescents from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Cited by 42 publications

References 28 publications

The Relationship Between Contraceptive Methods and Common Vaginal Infections

The Relationship Between Contraceptive Methods and Common Vaginal Infections

Assessment of Risk Factors and Medication Use for Infectious Vaginitis Among Females of Reproductive Age Visiting Maternity Hospital of Pokhara, Nepal

Prevalence of Candida spp. in cervical-vaginal samples and the in vitro susceptibility of isolates

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