Prevalence and Incidence Rate of Diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Uncontrolled Diabetes, and Their Predictors in the Adult Population in Southeastern Iran: Findings From KERCADR Study

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most serious health challenges worldwide. We assessed the prevalence of pre-diabetes (pre-DM) and diabetes (DM), the effectiveness of diabetes management, the 5-year incidence rate, and associated variables in the adult population in southeastern Iran.Methods: In a random cluster household survey (2014–2018), 9,959 adult individuals aged 15–80 years were assessed for coronary artery disease risk factors, including diabetes mellitus in Kerman (KERCADRS, phase 2). Among these people, 2,820 persons had also participated in phase 1 of the study 5 years earlier (2009–2011). Univariable and multivariable survey logistic regression models were used to identify the potential predictors of diabetes and pre-diabetes.Results: The prevalence of pre-DM was 12% (males 13.2% vs. females 11.1%), steadily increasing from 7.1% in the 15–24 years group to 18.4% in the 55–64 years group. The prevalence of DM was 10.2% (male and female, 7.9 and 10.8%, respectively), of which 1.9% were undiagnosed. DM was diagnosed in 10.6% of educated and 15.1% of illiterate people. The prevalence of diagnosed DM was lower in smokers (5.2 vs. 8.7%) and dependent opium users (5.4 vs. 8.8%). The prevalence of uncontrolled DM (HbA1c > 7%) was 48.8%, increasing with age. The frequency of uncontrolled DM among people without and with treatment was 32 and 55.9%, respectively. Illiterate people had worse uncontrolled DM (55.6 vs. 39.6%). The 5-year incidence rate (persons/100 person-years) was 1.5 for pre-DM and 1.2 for DM, respectively. The lowest and the highest incidence rate of DM belonged to the 15–34 years old group (0.5) and dependent opium users (2.4). The incidence rate was found to have a direct relationship with BMI and a reverse relationship with physical activity.Conclusion: Pre-DM and DM affected 22.2% of the population. One-third of patients with diabetes had undiagnosed DM, and in 55.9% of people with diagnosed DM, treatment had been ineffective. Appropriate health interventions are needed to reduce the prevalence and health consequences of diabetes in the region.

High Prevalence of Prediabetes and Associated Risk Factors in Urban Areas of Pontianak, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Tis study is in line with our current study that found a high prevalence of obesity among the subjects. Te signifcant increase in the prevalence of prediabetes has also been reported in England, the US, Iran, and Turkey [24][25][26][27]. Age, BMI, health insurance ownership, history of hypertension and gout, and systolic blood pressure were found to be signifcantly associated with prediabetes in the present study.…”

“…This study is in line with our current study that found a high prevalence of obesity among the subjects. The significant increase in the prevalence of prediabetes has also been reported in England, the US, Iran, and Turkey [ 24 – 27 ].…”

Investigating the relationship between haematological parameters and metabolic syndrome: A population‐based study

“…This cross‐sectional study was a sub‐analysis of 1033 subjects who participated in the second phase of the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factor Study (KERCADRS) 17 . The sampling method was a cluster from the entire population of Kerman residents.…”

“…None of the included participants had a history of chronic infectious or inflammatory diseases or the use of any drugs known to affect haematological parameters or lipoprotein metabolism. More details about the data collection method have been published in the study of Najafipour et al 17 …”

“…This cross-sectional study was a sub-analysis of 1033 subjects who participated in the second phase of the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factor Study (KERCADRS). 17 The sampling method was a cluster from the entire population of Kerman residents. In the first phase of the KERCADRS, according to the post-office list of city residents, 250 postal codes were selected randomly.…”