Prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology in male distance runners

Lieberthal, Kevin; Paterson, Kade L.; Cook, Jill; Kiss, Zoltan S.; Girdwood, Michael; Bradshaw, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.06.006

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…One recently published study discusses the mechanism of the lifetime cumulated load (together with running years) which might be higher in male runners than in female runners [87]. Chronic loading needs to be taken into account when evaluating the risk for Achilles tendinopathies.…”

Section: Achilles Tendinopathies Occur Twice As Often In Male Compared To Female Runnersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

et al. 2021

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Background Running is a popular sport with high injury rates. Although risk factors have intensively been investigated, synthesized knowledge about the differences in injury rates of female and male runners is scarce. Objective To systematically investigate the differences in injury rates and characteristics between female and male runners. Methods Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus) were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the keywords “running AND injur*”. Prospective studies reporting running related injury rates for both sexes were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratios (RR) for the occurrence of injuries in female vs. male runners. Potential moderators (effect modifiers) were analysed using meta-regression. Results After removal of duplicates, 12,215 articles were screened. Thirty-eight studies were included and the OR of 31 could be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The overall injury rate was 20.8 (95% CI 19.9–21.7) injuries per 100 female runners and 20.4 (95% CI 19.7–21.1) injuries per 100 male runners. Meta-analysis revealed no differences between sexes for overall injuries reported per 100 runners (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90–1.10, n = 24) and per hours or athlete exposure (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69–1.27, n = 6). Female sex was associated with a more frequent occurrence of bone stress injury (RR (for males) 0.52, 95% CI 0.36–0.76, n = 5) while male runners had higher risk for Achilles tendinopathies (RR 1. 86, 95% CI 1.25–2.79, n = 2). Meta-regression showed an association between a higher injury risk and competition distances of 10 km and shorter in female runners (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.69). Conclusion Differences between female and male runners in specific injury diagnoses should be considered in the development of individualised and sex-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to manage running-related injuries.

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Section: Achilles Tendinopathies Occur Twice As Often In Male Compared To Female Runnersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

et al. 2021

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“…In different imaging studies there appears to be an injury predominance of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (58 to 65%), the fascial intersection of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus as they merge with the proximal Achilles tendon (66%) [4] and the distal part of the Achilles tendon [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and non-thermal effects off capacitive-resistive electric transfer application on the Achilles tendon and musculotendinous junction of the gastrocnemius muscle: a cadaveric study

López-de-Celis

Hidalgo-García

Pérez‐Bellmunt

et al. 2020

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background Calf muscle strain and Achilles tendon injuries are common in many sports. For the treatment of muscular and tendinous injuries, one of the newer approaches in sports medicine is capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy. Our objective was to analyze this in vitro, using invasive temperature measurements in cadaveric specimens. Methods A cross-sectional study designed with five fresh frozen cadavers (10 legs) were included in this study. Four interventions (capacitive and resistive modes; low- and high-power) was performed for 5 min each by a diathermy “T-Plus” device. Achilles tendon, musculotendinous junction and superficial temperatures were recorded at 1-min intervals and 5 min after treatment. Results With the low-power capacitive protocol, at 5 min, there was a 25.21% increase in superficial temperature, a 17.50% increase in Achilles tendon temperature and an 11.27% increase in musculotendinous junction temperature, with a current flow of 0.039 A ± 0.02. With the low-power resistive protocol, there was a 1.14% increase in superficial temperature, a 28.13% increase in Achilles tendon temperature and an 11.67% increase in musculotendinous junction temperature at 5 min, with a current flow of 0.063 A ± 0.02. With the high-power capacitive protocol there was an 88.52% increase in superficial temperature, a 53.35% increase in Achilles tendon temperature and a 39.30% increase in musculotendinous junction temperature at 5 min, with a current flow of 0.095 A ± 0.03. With the high-power resistive protocol, there was a 21.34% increase in superficial temperature, a 109.70% increase in Achilles tendon temperature and an 81.49% increase in musculotendinous junction temperature at 5 min, with a current flow of 0.120 A ± 0.03. Conclusion The low-power protocols resulted in only a very slight thermal effect at the Achilles tendon and musculotendinous junction, but current flow was observed. The high-power protocols resulted in a greater temperature increase at the Achilles tendon and musculotendinous junction and a greater current flow than the low-power protocols. The high-power resistive protocol gave the greatest increase in Achilles tendon and musculotendinous junction temperature. Capacitive treatments (low- and high-power) achieved a greater increase in superficial temperature.

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“…marathoners and controls) are in this range, and similar to values reported in other studies with distance runners. 12 While some studies involving distance runners have found greater thickness in abnormal (5.4 ± 0.8mm) respect to normal tendons (4.7 ± 0.5mm), a systematic review of the literature has indicated that tendon hypertrophy in response to the habitual loading of running had no impact on material properties. 4 So, our outcomes and previous studies suggest that repetitive loading during long distance running training promotes structural changes in the Achilles tendon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thickness and Cross-Sectional Area of the Achilles Tendon in Marathon Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

Salinero

Lara

Gutiérrez-Hellín

et al. 2020

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: This study aimed to measure thickness and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon (AT), and the range of motion of the ankle joint in dorsiflexion of amateur marathon runners compared to non-active people. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between cross-sectional area and thickness of the Achilles tendon in marathon runners and age, anthropometric characteristics (height and body mass), training habits, running experience, marathon performance, and range of motion in the ankle joint. Methods: Achilles tendon thickness and cross-sectional area were measured using ultrasound images of the left leg in 97 male amateur marathon runners (age 42.0 ± 9.6 years; height 175 ± 6 cm; and body mass 73.7 ± 8.6 kg), and 47 controls (39.9 ± 11.6 years; 176 ± 7 cm; 79.6 ± 16.1 kg). Results: Achilles tendon thickness (4.81 ± 0.77 vs. 4.60 ± 0.66 mm; p = 0.01) and cross-sectional area (60.41 ± 14.36 vs. 53.62 ± 9.90 mm2; p < 0.01) were greater in the marathon runners than in non-active people. Achilles tendon thickness has been correlated, in a weak but significant manner, with years of running experience. Moreover, marathon runners showed increased ankle range of motion (81.81 ± 6.93 vs. 77.86 ± 7.27 grades; p<0.01). Conclusion: Male amateur marathon runners have hypertrophy of the Achilles tendon compared to non-active people, and this enlargement is mediated by running experience. In addition, range of motion in ankle dorsiflexion is favored by marathon training. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study.

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Prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology in male distance runners

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Thermal and non-thermal effects off capacitive-resistive electric transfer application on the Achilles tendon and musculotendinous junction of the gastrocnemius muscle: a cadaveric study

Thickness and Cross-Sectional Area of the Achilles Tendon in Marathon Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study

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