Prevalence and Associated Factors of Poststroke Depression among Outpatient Stroke Patients Who Have a Follow-Up at the Outpatient Neurology Clinic of Zewditu Memorial Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background. Poststroke depression is the most common and burdensome poststroke psychiatric complication. Studies showed discrepancies in reporting frequencies and risk factors for poststroke depression. Updated local data are relevant for efficient strategies of poststroke depression screening and prevention. Objectives. To determine the prevalence and associated factors of poststroke depression among outpatient stroke patients from the outpatient neurology clinic of Zewditu Memorial Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 249 stroke patients. Data was collected through structured questionnaire using interviews and a review of medical charts. PHQ-9 depression questionnaire was used to diagnose poststroke depression. Descriptive analysis was used to see the nature of the characteristics of interests. Bivariate analysis was used to sort out variables at p values less than 0.05 for multivariate logistic regression. Significance level was obtained using an odds ratio with 95% CI and p value < 0.05. Results. Point prevalence for poststroke depression was 27.5 percent. Female gender, unemployment, low social support level, diabetes mellitus, and poststroke period under 2 years were statistically significant and independent predictors for poststroke depression. Conclusions. The point prevalence estimate of poststroke depression was comparable with other studies. Low social support levels increased the odds for poststroke depression by more than eight folds. It appeared that external factors are more important in the pathogenesis of poststroke depression in the African population. Detection and prevention programs should consider disparities of poststroke depression incidence and risk factors.

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors and its effect on daily academic activities among female undergraduate students of Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia

“…The data collection tools had three parts: sociodemographic characteristics, menstruation characteristics, severity, and the impact of dysmenorrhea on academic activities. The study participants were screened for depression using patient health question nine (PHQ-9) depression screening tools ( 26 , 27 ). The pain score was made with a numeric pain rating (NPR) and verbal multidimensional pain score system (VMPS) ( 28 ).…”

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea, associated factors, pain intensity, and its effect on daily academic activities among female undergraduate students of Hawassa University College of medicine and health sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia

“…The study participants were screened for depression by using patient health question nine (PHQ-9) depression screening tools. (20,21). And the pain score was made with a numeric pain rating (NPR) and verbal multidimensional pain score system (VMPS) (22).…”

“…Responses for PHQ-9 were summarized based on the mean section total score (by assigning 1 for yes response and 0 for no response; or 0 to 3 for PHQ-9). Then after it is reported as no depression (0-4) mild depression (5-9), moderate depression (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), moderately severe depression (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and severe depression (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). The severity of pain was assessed by two methods one is by using NPRS which is a segmented numeric version of the visual analog scale (VAS) where the respondents mark from 0-to 10 according to their pain strength.…”

Depressive Symptoms and Its Associated Factors Among Primary Caregivers of Stroke Survivors at Amhara Regional State Tertiary Hospitals: Multicenter Study

“…18 As different studies show in Ethiopia, about 27.5% to 49.6% of stroke survivors suffer from post-stroke depression. [19][20][21] Despite this, only a handful of studies have been done on the burden of caregiver depression in Africa, and none in Ethiopia. Based on the findings in developed countries, much of our knowledge regarding the problem is based on studies done in developed countries, which have significant differences in the major contributing factors to caregiver depression.…”