Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Retail Pepper in Vietnam

Abstract

To investigate the microbial quality of retail pepper in Vietnam, the enumeration and detection of Enterobacteriaceae and the screening of cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant coliforms were performed by using 84 commercial samples. Although Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 78 samples, the number of Enterobacteriaceae was lower than 1.0 log CFU/g in 46 samples. For the detection of Enterobacteriaceae with the International Organization for Standardization methods, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Cronobacter sakazakii , and Enterobacter cloacae complex were isolated from 5, 12, 36, 19, and 30 samples, respectively. During screening of CTX-resistant coliforms, K. pneumoniae , C. sakazakii , and E. cloacae complex were isolated from 8, 1, and 21 samples, respectively. Seven K. pneumoniae and seven E. cloacae complex isolates obtained in the screening of CTX-resistant coliforms were resistant to at least one of the three third-generation cephalosporins (CTX, ceftazidime, and cefpodoxime). Moreover, one E. cloacae complex cluster IV and all K. pneumoniae isolates were positive for extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes or plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase genes or both. Additionally, two extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates and one AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. cloacae complex cluster IV isolate were positive for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and also had amino acid alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of GyrA and ParC. Furthermore, 10 E. cloacae complex isolates were positive for the plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance gene fosA. As pepper is often consumed without a heating process, the possible spread to humans of foodborne, opportunistic, and nosocomial infection pathogens or resistance genes from foods prepared or seasoned with pepper cannot be excluded. Therefore, it is necessary to handle pepper by using hygienic conditions during the cultivation, harvesting and processing steps.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of integrated studies on antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam, with a focus on Enterobacteriaceae, from a One Health perspective

“… Bacteria Human studies Animal studies Environment studies Healthy Diseased (in hospitals) Healthy animals/animal food products Diseased E. coli 5 [ [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] ] 10 [ [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] ] 21 [ 12 , 13 , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] ] 3 [ [64] , [65] , [66] ] 9 [ 52 , 58 , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , ...…”

“… _ 2 [ 35 , 36 ] _ _ 1 [ 73 ] Cronobacter spp. _ _ _ _ 1 [ 73 ] Klebsiella spp. 1 [ 33 ] 5 [ 35 , 36 , 38 , 114 , 115 ] _ _ 1 [ 73 ] ESBL-producing Klebsiella _ 2 [ 74 , 75 ] _ _ _ Proteus spp.…”

<p>Prevalence Of <em>mcr-1</em> Among Cefotaxime-Resistant Commensal <em>Escherichia coli</em> In Residents Of Vietnam</p>

“…The PCR products were visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with GelRed nucleic acid (Biotium, Hayward, CA, USA). The sequence analysis of CTX-M genes was performed as previously described 13…”

Abundance of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli co-harbouring blaCTX-M-55 or -65 with blaTEM isolates from chicken meat in Vietnam

“…After determining the ESBL genotypes, the results from both the bla CTX-M-1 , bla CTX-M-2 , and bla CTX-M-9 groups were sequenced. We followed the protocol as described in previous studies (Chanawong et al 2002;Imoto et al 2014;Harada et al 2017;Hoang et al 2017). In the bla CTX-M-1 group, the bla CTX-M-1 sequence was ampli ed using the primer sets ctx-m15-168F and ctx-m3-1059R.…”