Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of microbes isolated from individuals attending private diagnostic centre in Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana

Abstract

The evidence of rising numbers of multidrug-resistant organisms requires the implementation of effective stewardship programs. However, this should be informed by evidence-based knowledge of local antimicrobial resistance patterns. The current study aims to establish the prevalence of common pathogenic microbes including their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and distribution in the Cape Coast Metropolis. This was a retrospective study where microbial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility records for 331 patients were reviewed from January to December 2019, at a private health centre. All data were analysed using Excel (Microsoft Office, USA), SPSS and GraphPad Prism 8 software programs. Among the samples tested, 125 (37.76%) were positive for microbes with high vaginal swab (HVS) samples recording the highest number of pathogens (44%), followed by urine (40%) and both pleural and semen samples having the least (0.3% each). Again, gram-negative isolates were more prevalent than the gram-positive isolates. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was very significant with isolates resistant to more than one antibiotic (P < 0.05). Escherichia coli showed the highest level of resistance, followed by Citrobacter spp. These were followed by Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Commensals and Candida spp. The high resistance pattern suggests an inevitable catastrophe requiring continuous monitoring and implementation of effective antibiotic stewardship.

Bloodstream infections at a tertiary hospital in The Gambia - A one-year retrospective study

“…However, the differences in resistance rates in cultures from patients admitted to the ICU and non-ICU patients were relatively small (Table 3). In summary, these ndings highlight the burden of infections with resistant gram-negative pathogens and are in line with previous reports from in Sub-Saharan and particularly Western Africa (1,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

Bacterial contamination on clinical surfaces and oxygen device accessories in the emergency unit of a tertiary health facility in Ghana

“…The samples were cultured on the routinely used microbiological media (Nutrient Agar) and incubated at 37 °C. If no growth was observed after 24 h, the plates were further incubated for a total of 48 h [ 18 ]. The isolates were identified based on colony morphology, Gram stain, and standard confirmatory biochemical tests.…”

“…Gram-positive bacteria were identified by testing the hemolytic activity on blood agar and further identified using different biochemical tests such as catalase reaction, slide and tube coagulase tests, bile esculin, in addition to diverse differentiating antibiotic discs such as optochin and bacitracin. Identification of Gram-negative bacteria was done based on biochemical tests such as oxidase, triple sugar iron, motility indole ornithine, citrate, lysine iron arginine, and urease tests [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Application of polyoxometalates and their composites for the degradation of antibiotics in water medium

“…The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance mechanisms arise from complex interactions between numerous factors. Overuse and inappropriate usage of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine, as well as the inclusion of antibiotics in animal feed, have been identified as significant contributors to the increasing prevalence of resistance [40] . In addition to these factors, non-compliance with treatment, uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and unsanitary environments could also play a role in facilitating the development and spread of antibiotic resistance.…”