Preparation of Ophthalmic Solutions With Special Reference to Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Tonicity

Buffering Technique for Obtaining Increased Physiological Response From Alkaloidal Eye-Drops

“…However, Trolle-Lassen (1958) stated that the alkaloids are better tolerated by the eye in weak alkaline solution, pH 7 3-9 7, than in acidic solution provided they are approximately isotonic with tears. Martin and Mims (1950) stated that whether or not a particular pH value of a solution will prove to be a source of irritation must be determined for any given combination of ions and substances in solution. In the present investigation there was no evidence of pain after the instillation of aqueous alkaloidal salt solutions into the "buffered" eyes, except that the 1 per cent.…”

Buffering Technique for Obtaining Increased Physiological Response From Alkaloidal Eye-Drops

“…However, Trolle-Lassen (1958) stated that the alkaloids are better tolerated by the eye in weak alkaline solution, pH 7 3-9 7, than in acidic solution provided they are approximately isotonic with tears. Martin and Mims (1950) stated that whether or not a particular pH value of a solution will prove to be a source of irritation must be determined for any given combination of ions and substances in solution. In the present investigation there was no evidence of pain after the instillation of aqueous alkaloidal salt solutions into the "buffered" eyes, except that the 1 per cent.…”

The concentration of penicillin in bovine conjunctival sac fluid as it pertains to the treatment of Moraxella bovis infection. (II) Topical application

“…Each preparation was formulated so that an individual eye dose contained 5,000 iu of penicillin in either 0.1 ml of solution, or 0.3 g of ointment. In each case the tonicity was equivalent to 0.9% saline (Sorsby & Ungar, 1946;Martin & Mims, 1950).…”

Comparison of the accommodative effects of carbachol and pilocarpine with reference to accommodative esotropia.

“…It is this fact which must account for the unequal response of the eyes to Carbachol 1-5 per cent-Brij35, and marks the unreliability of action of the drug even when carefully instilled. Ocular discomfort occurs if the pH of drops lies beyond 6-6 or 8-7 (Martin and Mims, 1950), and surprisingly when the pH of each stock solution used in the experiment was measured in a pH meter, in each case it lay outside the range of ocular 673 tolerance (Table II). Carbachol I 5 per cent.-Brij35 even when it had been buffered to a pH of 7 4, still caused some slight ocular irritation.…”

Buffering Technique for Obtaining Increased Physiological Response From Alkaloidal Eye-Drops

“…However, Trolle-Lassen (1958) stated that the alkaloids are better tolerated by the eye in weak alkaline solution, pH 7 3-9 7, than in acidic solution provided they are approximately isotonic with tears. Martin and Mims (1950) stated that whether or not a particular pH value of a solution will prove to be a source of irritation must be determined for any given combination of ions and substances in solution. In the present investigation there was no evidence of pain after the instillation of aqueous alkaloidal salt solutions into the "buffered" eyes, except that the 1 per cent.…”

The concentration of penicillin in bovine conjunctival sac fluid as it pertains to the treatment of Moraxella bovis infection. (II) Topical application

“…Each preparation was formulated so that an individual eye dose contained 5,000 iu of penicillin in either 0.1 ml of solution, or 0.3 g of ointment. In each case the tonicity was equivalent to 0.9% saline (Sorsby & Ungar, 1946;Martin & Mims, 1950).…”

Comparison of the accommodative effects of carbachol and pilocarpine with reference to accommodative esotropia.

“…It is this fact which must account for the unequal response of the eyes to Carbachol 1-5 per cent-Brij35, and marks the unreliability of action of the drug even when carefully instilled. Ocular discomfort occurs if the pH of drops lies beyond 6-6 or 8-7 (Martin and Mims, 1950), and surprisingly when the pH of each stock solution used in the experiment was measured in a pH meter, in each case it lay outside the range of ocular 673 tolerance (Table II). Carbachol I 5 per cent.-Brij35 even when it had been buffered to a pH of 7 4, still caused some slight ocular irritation.…”

Buffering Technique for Obtaining Increased Physiological Response From Alkaloidal Eye-Drops

“…However, Trolle-Lassen (1958) stated that the alkaloids are better tolerated by the eye in weak alkaline solution, pH 7 3-9 7, than in acidic solution provided they are approximately isotonic with tears. Martin and Mims (1950) stated that whether or not a particular pH value of a solution will prove to be a source of irritation must be determined for any given combination of ions and substances in solution. In the present investigation there was no evidence of pain after the instillation of aqueous alkaloidal salt solutions into the "buffered" eyes, except that the 1 per cent.…”

The concentration of penicillin in bovine conjunctival sac fluid as it pertains to the treatment of Moraxella bovis infection. (II) Topical application

“…Each preparation was formulated so that an individual eye dose contained 5,000 iu of penicillin in either 0.1 ml of solution, or 0.3 g of ointment. In each case the tonicity was equivalent to 0.9% saline (Sorsby & Ungar, 1946;Martin & Mims, 1950).…”

Comparison of the accommodative effects of carbachol and pilocarpine with reference to accommodative esotropia.

“…It is this fact which must account for the unequal response of the eyes to Carbachol 1-5 per cent-Brij35, and marks the unreliability of action of the drug even when carefully instilled. Ocular discomfort occurs if the pH of drops lies beyond 6-6 or 8-7 (Martin and Mims, 1950), and surprisingly when the pH of each stock solution used in the experiment was measured in a pH meter, in each case it lay outside the range of ocular 673 tolerance (Table II). Carbachol I 5 per cent.-Brij35 even when it had been buffered to a pH of 7 4, still caused some slight ocular irritation.…”