“…However, the magnetic particles must be coated with a biocompatible polymer to improve surface properties and minimize the toxic side effects when used in biological system. For application, the drug carriers are often incorporated with magnetic nanoparticles, which can transport drug directly to the centre of the disease with the aid of an external magnetic field, thereby treat it deliberately, with no effects on both normal cells and tissues 44 . After absorption by human body, the remanent magnetic particles can be safely excreted through skin, bile, kidney, etc, thus, Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles are wide spread in medicine and pharmaceutical industries, namely in disease detection, controlled drug delivery, in tissue engineering and so on.…”