Prenatal sonographic chest and lung measurements for predicting severe pulmonary hypoplasia

Direct Oxidation of β‐Aryl Substituted Aldehydes to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Promoted by an o‐Anisidine–Pd(OAc)2 Co‐catalyst

“…Sonographic evaluation requires a detailed examination of the fetal skeleton, which is described in Table 1. The sonologist must determine if the anomaly is lethal, either by establishing the precise diagnosis of uniformly lethal conditions (Table 2)6 or assessing the risk of pulmonary hypoplasia6, 12–35. Several parameters have been proposed to estimate the risk of pulmonary hypoplasia (see Table 3)6, 12–47.…”

Fetal lung volume in fetuses with urinary tract malformations: Comparison by 2D-, 3D-sonography and magnetic resonance imaging

“…Several two-dimensional (2DUS) sonographic methods have been proposed, such as the thoracic circumference/abdominal circumference ratio (TC/AC) [6], the use of the equation (thoracic area -cardiac area) 6 100/thoracic area [7] and the absence of fetal breathing movements [8]. The measurement of the oblique pulmonary diameter was a better parameter than the transverse pulmonary diameter, the sagital thoracic diameter and the thoracic circumference in the prediction of PH [9]. However, the studies using bidimensional parameters have contradictory results.…”

Three‐dimensional ultrasound fetal lung volume measurement: a systematic study comparing the multiplanar method with the rotational (VOCAL) technique

“…The diagnosis is made at autopsy by demonstrating low lung weight and a low lung:body ratio1, 2. Several fetal biometric parameters have been used to predict the likelihood of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia of the newborn3–12. The positive and negative predictive values of nearly all parameters developed thus far are less than optimal13, 14.…”