“…That the late positive component to the fourth standard in a row had the same scalp distribution as the P3a to a novel sound supports the contribution of orienting to the positivity elicited by Standard #4. However, arguing against a failure of the orienting response in schizophrenia are reports of normal P300s in patients to isolated targets (Roth, Goodale, & Pfefferbaum, 1991; Shelley, Grochowski, Lieberman, & Javitt, 1996) and startling noises (Ford, Roth, Menon, & Pfefferbaum, 1999) that occur at very long inter-target intervals with no intervening standards, a situation likely to elicit orienting. Instead, we suggest that patients with schizophrenia fail to use context to form expectations about pattern violations.…”