Preferences induced by accessibility: Evidence from priming.

Kusev, Petko; Schaik, Paul van; Aldrovandi, Silvio

doi:10.1037/a0030289

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Therefore, more complete descriptions may facilitate simulations by reducing uncertainty. Moreover, it is well established by behavioral science theorists that decision uncertainty induces human irrationality in choice (e.g., Kusev, van Schaik, Ayton, Dent, & Chater, 2009; Kusev, van Schaik, & Aldrovandi, 2012; Tversky & Kahneman, 1992). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judging the morality of utilitarian actions: How poor utilitarian accessibility makes judges irrational

et al. 2016

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Is it acceptable and moral to sacrifice a few people’s lives to save many others? Research on moral dilemmas in psychology, experimental philosophy, and neuropsychology has shown that respondents judge utilitarian personal moral actions (footbridge dilemma) as less appropriate than equivalent utilitarian impersonal moral actions (trolley dilemma). Accordingly, theorists (e.g., Greene et al., 2001) have argued that judgments of appropriateness in personal moral dilemmas are more emotionally salient and cognitively demanding (taking more time to be rational) than impersonal moral dilemmas. Our novel findings show an effect of psychological accessibility (driven by partial contextual information; Kahneman, 2003) on utilitarian moral behavior and response time for rational choices. Enhanced accessibility of utilitarian outcomes through comprehensive information about moral actions and consequences boosted utility maximization in moral choices, with rational choices taking less time. Moreover, our result suggests that previous results indicating emotional interference, with rational choices taking more time to make, may have been artifacts of presenting partial information.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1029-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judging the morality of utilitarian actions: How poor utilitarian accessibility makes judges irrational

et al. 2016

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“…Several recent empirical studies have begun demonstrating interactions between episodic memory and value-based decision-making. One-shot memory for past events has been shown to bias value-based decisions (Duncan & Shohamy, 2016) and memory accessibility has been shown to affect people's risk preferences (Kusev, van Schaik, & Aldrovandi, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change

Botvinik‐Nezer

Bakkour²,

Salomon

et al. 2019

Preprint

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It is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Surprisingly, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice.Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in non-reinforced preference change. We used the cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm, that is specifically designed to influence choices without external reinforcements. Instead, the paradigm uses the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response. Previous studies with this task showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT influences memory accessibility for trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two pre-registered experiments, we tested whether memory for trained items was enhanced following CAT, in the short-and long-term, and whether memory modifications are related to choices. We found that memory was enhanced for trained items and that better memory was correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and one month following CAT. Our findings show, for the first time, that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the ground for the implementation of novel behavioral interventions for long-lasting behavioral change.

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“…However, in this condition, participants talked less often to the victims as well. Priming affected the accessibility of safety-related information (Kusev, van Schaik, and Aldrovandi 2012). This information may trigger behavioral responses related to formal help (calling the emergency number) somewhat stronger than behavioral responses related to informal help like talking to the victim.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As was noted before, situation assessment occurs through a combination of visible cues in the environment and associations on the basis of information and feelings stored in memory (Kusev, van Schaik, and Aldrovandi 2012). This may imply that an increase in general safety awareness affects helping behavior in an actual emergency situation.…”

Section: Safety Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These perceptions form the basis for protective action decision-making. The interpretation of the level of threat is therefore fueled by two types of information: the visible cues in the outside world -such as signs of smoke in case of a fire or casualties in case of an accident -and knowledge, experiences, and related feelings already stored in memory (Kusev, Schaik, and Aldrovandi 2012;Peters and Slovic 2000).…”

Section: Safety Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Helping behavior in a virtual crisis situation: effects of safety awareness and crisis communication

Stubbé¹,

Emmerik²,

Kerstholt

2015

Journal of Risk Research

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Incident evaluations show that bystanders tend to help: they do not wait for professionals to arrive, but act as required by the situation at hand. In the present study, we investigated how safety awareness (induced before an accident happened) and providing a course of action by emergency services affect helping behavior after witnessing a virtual accident with two victims. The main task of the participants was to arrive at a job interview in time. Safety awareness was manipulated by the specific organization they went to: either promoting safe traffic or healthy living. The results show that all participants were inclined to help. Participants who were primed towards safe traffic more often called the emergency number, but talked to the victim less often. Participants who had received specific courses of action moved the victim less often. In all, the results clearly indicate the value of effective risk communication (before an event occurs) and crisis communication (after an event has occurred), as both types of information improve the quality of actual helping behavior at the scene.

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Preferences induced by accessibility: Evidence from priming.

Cited by 23 publications

References 40 publications

Judging the morality of utilitarian actions: How poor utilitarian accessibility makes judges irrational

Judging the morality of utilitarian actions: How poor utilitarian accessibility makes judges irrational

Memory for Individual Items is Related to Non-Reinforced Preference Change

Helping behavior in a virtual crisis situation: effects of safety awareness and crisis communication

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