Predictive modeling of battery degradation and greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. state-level electric vehicle operation

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely promoted as clean alternatives to conventional vehicles for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ground transportation. However, the battery undergoes a sophisticated degradation process during EV operations and its effects on EV energy consumption and GHG emissions are unknown. Here we show on a typical 24 kWh lithium-manganese-oxide–graphite battery pack that the degradation of EV battery can be mathematically modeled to predict battery life and to study its effects on energy consumption and GHG emissions from EV operations. We found that under US state-level average driving conditions, the battery life is ranging between 5.2 years in Florida and 13.3 years in Alaska under 30% battery degradation limit. The battery degradation will cause a 11.5–16.2% increase in energy consumption and GHG emissions per km driven at 30% capacity loss. This study provides a robust analytical approach and results for supporting policy making in prioritizing EV deployment in the U.S.

Influence of cycling profile, depth of discharge and temperature on commercial LFP/C cell ageing: post-mortem material analysis of structure, morphology and chemical composition

“…The temperatures are chosen, firstly, to accelerate the aging of the cells and secondly, since these temperatures represent the minimum and maximum of the temperature operation range of the manufacturers data sheet for these cells. In addition, these temperatures are only slightly lower for the minimum temperature (− 15 °C) and in comparable range for the maximum temperature (+ 35 °C), as they are observed as ambient temperatures for example in the USA [27]. The authors are aware of the thermal control system inside the modern automobiles, which regulates the temperature of the battery module during operation.…”

Investigation of Path‐Dependent Degradation in Lithium‐Ion Batteries**

“…[4] Lifetime prediction continues to be challenging, especially for cells operating under real driving conditions, where lifetime is affected by factors such as external temperature, pack cooling, intensity of usage, etc. [5] Understanding how different conditions impact cell ageing can enable new methods of lifetime and performance prediction. Accurate prediction benefits both consumers and manufacturers, and is essential for long-term applications such as EVs and grid energy storage systems.…”

Improvement in electronic conductivity of perovskite electrolyte by variable‐valence element doping

“…Lithium batteries with higher capacities and larger cycle lifetimes are required to provide more competitive electric vehicles on the market. 1 The electrochemical performances of lithium batteries are determined mainly by the cathode materials, such as LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 1-x-y Co x Mn y O 2 , and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA), 2-6 whose applications are restricted due to some technical bottlenecks. 2,7 The discharge capacities of the cathode material increase with the increasing cut-off voltage; however, the capacity fades rapidly under a high cut-off voltage, 8,9 which hinders the provision of high capacities of cathode materials.…”

“…The rapid development of electric vehicles has greatly increased the demand for lithium batteries. Lithium batteries with higher capacities and larger cycle lifetimes are required to provide more competitive electric vehicles on the market . The electrochemical performances of lithium batteries are determined mainly by the cathode materials, such as LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 1‐x‐y Co x Mn y O 2 , and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA), whose applications are restricted due to some technical bottlenecks .…”