Predictive eye movements in squash

Chajka, Kelly; Hayhoe, Mary; Sullivan, Brian; Pelz, Jeff B.; Mennie, Neil; Droll, Jason A.

doi:10.1167/6.6.481

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…For example, in the ball game cricket, experienced batsmen make high-precision anticipatory saccades to predict the ball's trajectory [21]. Similar results were reported when gaze patterns of elite-shooters [26] and experienced squash players [6] were compared to that of novices. The main conclusion of these studies is that these predictive mechanisms may have evolved by learning the dynamic properties of the surrounding world (here, of the ball).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Eye Movements Show Optimal Average Anticipation with Natural Dynamic Scenes

et al. 2010

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A less studied component of gaze allocation in dynamic real-world scenes is the time lag of eye movements in responding to dynamic attention-capturing events. Despite the vast amount of research on anticipatory gaze behaviour in natural situations, such as action execution and observation, little is known about the predictive nature of eye movements when viewing different types of natural or realistic scene sequences. In the present study, we quantify the degree of anticipation during the free viewing of dynamic natural scenes. The cross-correlation analysis of image-based saliency maps with an empirical saliency measure derived from eye movement data reveals the existence of predictive mechanisms responsible for a nearzero average lag between dynamic changes of the environment and the responding eye movements. We also show that the degree of anticipation is reduced when moving away from natural scenes by introducing camera motion, jump cuts, and film-editing.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Eye Movements Show Optimal Average Anticipation with Natural Dynamic Scenes

et al. 2010

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“…Eye-movement patterns were characterized in a variety of every-day activities such as making tea, preparing food (Land & Hayhoe, 2001;Land, Mennie, & Rusted, 1999), or washing hands (Pelz & Canosa, 2001). Other studies investigated the support of eye-movement for highly skilled activities such as throwing or catching a ball (Hayhoe, Mannie, Sullivan, & Gorgosm, 2005), playing squash (Chajka et al, 2006) or cricket (Land & McLeod, 2000), piano sight-reading (Furneaux & Land, 1999), or artists sketching a portrait (Mial & Tchalenko, 2001). Recently, the effect of different realistic (navigation) tasks on eye movements was quantified in a virtual environment setup (Rothkopf et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salient features in gaze-aligned recordings of human visual input during free exploration of natural environments

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Einhäuser

Vockeroth³

et al. 2008

Journal of Vision

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During free exploration, humans adjust their gaze by combining body, head, and eye movements. Laboratory experiments on the stimulus features driving gaze, however, typically focus on eye-in-head movements, use potentially biased stimuli, and restrict the field of view. Our novel wearable eye-tracking system (EyeSeeCam) overcomes these limitations. We recorded gaze- and head-centered videos of the visual input of observers freely exploring real-world environments (4 indoor, 8 outdoor), yielding approximately 10 h of data. Global power spectra reveal little difference between head- and gaze-centered recordings. Local stimulus features exhibit spatial biases in head-centered coordinates, which are environment-dependent, but consistent across observers. Eye-in-head movements center these biases in gaze-centered coordinates, leading to elevated "salient" features at center of gaze. This shows that central biases in image feature distributions in "natural" photographs are not a property of environments, but of stimuli already gaze-centered by the photographer. Further central biases in laboratory subjects' fixation distributions do not result from re-centering of the eyes but are an artifact of display restrictions. Hence, our findings demonstrate that the concept of feature "saliency" transfers from the laboratory to free exploration, but also highlight the importance of experiments with freely moving eyes, head, and body.

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“…Several studies measured real-world eye-movement behaviour for specific tasks, including driving (Land & Lee, 1994;Land & Tatler, 2001), food preparation (Land & Hayhoe, 2001;Land, Mennie, & Rusted, 1999), and a variety of sports (Chajka, Hayhoe, Sullivan, Pelz, Mennie, & Droll, 2006;Fairchild, Johnson, Babcock, & Pelz, 2001;Hayhoe, Mannie, Sullivan, & Gorgos, 2005;Land & McLeod, 2000). In contrast, gaze allocation during free exploration of natural settings has rarely been addressed, although its laboratory homologue, ''free viewing'', provides the typical testbed for bottom-up models.…”

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confidence: 99%