Prediction and optimization of mechanical properties of PA6/NBR/graphene nanocomposites fabricated by friction stir processing

Abstract

The friction stir process (FSP) method used to prepare polyamide 6 (PA6)/nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites with 1 wt% Graphene nanoparticles. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were used to study the effects of four input variables including tool rotational speed (ω), shoulder temperature (T), traverse speed (S), and the number of passes (N) on tensile strength and impact strength of PA6/NBR/Graphene nanocomposite. In order to investigate the dispersion state of Graphene and the morphology of the PA6/NBR blend in the presence of Graphene, wide x-ray patterns (WAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. Furthermore and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) was used to investigate the thermal properties of PA6/NBR containing 1 wt% Graphene nanoparticles. The results confirmed that at the optimum range of input variables, PA6/NBR/Graphene nanocomposite provided good thermal stability as well as the highest tensile strength, and impact strength. This is caused by the large surface area to volume ratio of the dispersed layered Graphene in PA6/NBR blends. Under optimal conditions of the rotational speed of 1200 rpm, traverse speed of 20 mm/min, shoulder temperature of 125°C, and number pass of 3, the maximum tensile strength and impact strength are 70.4 MPa and 70.3 J/m, respectively.

Graphene in rubber formulations: a comprehensive review and performance optimization insights

“…The relationship between independent variables and dependent variables is explored and analyzed forming a predictive responsive model in RSM. 23,182–187…”

“…For instance, the maximum impact strength can be obtained at high rotation speed and low traverse speed while increasing the rotational speed and decreasing the shoulder temperature can enhance the tensile strength as displayed in the contour and 3D surface plot. 186 Therefore, the optimized process parameter is determined in the contour plot which can remarkably improve the efficiency and reduce the experiment and financial input of the research activity. 186,213…”

Evaluation of specific total work of fracture in polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene diene monomer nanocomposites based on various graphene derivatives: Optimization by response surface methodology technique and correlation with microstructure properties

“…By combining, Equations ( 3) and ( 4), the relationship between the specific works in two parts of energy can be written as follow [33] :…”

“…On other hands, the fracture energy during the crack development consists of the energy absorption or the energy consumption in two parts of yielding and necking‐tearing based on the energy‐partitioned approach recommended by Karger–Kocsis. Thus, the w f as a function of the work of yield region ( W y ) and work of necking and tearing region ( W n ) can be indicated in the following equation: By combining, Equations () and (), the relationship between the specific works in two parts of energy can be written as follow [ 33 ] : As can be seen from Figure 3B and Equation (), y and n represent the applied work in regions of yielding and necking tearing, respectively. Thus, in this equation, w e,y , and w e,n are the specific EWF in yielding and necking‐tearing regions.…”

Preparation of flexible and magnetic PA6/SEBS‐MA nanocomposites reinforced with Ni‐Zn ferrite

“…The higher amount of ferrite dispersed in the nanocomposites tended to weaken the material by increasing restriction to molecular mobility. 72 Ferrite calcination negatively affected the impact strength of Note: T m = crystalline melting temperature; ΔH m = crystalline melting enthalpy; X c = degree of crystallinity, calculated by…”