Predicting Microdistribution of Metal Electrodeposition Rate from Electrolytes with Positive and Negative Leveling Power

Repair of damaged surfaces with hard iron-carbon coatings

“…The ability of the present additive-free electrolyte for surface levelling and the role of the coating thickness in relation to the scale of the surface damage may suggest that the observed levelling is a pure geometric effect. In case of geometric levelling, for which a uniform current distribution is assumed along the substrate surface [18], surface protrusions become gradually wider, while depressions in the surface become narrower with increasing coating thickness. In contrast, a non-uniform current distribution with larger current densities at local depressions than at protrusions is caused by a topography-dependent adsorption of levelling agents and results in true levelling [13].…”