Predicting frequency distribution and influence of sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection and analysis of co-infection with intestinal parasites

Abstract

Geospatial analysis was used to study the epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni, intestinal parasites and co-infections in an area (Ilha das Flores) in Sergipe, Brazil. We collected individually georeferenced sociodemographic, behavioral and parasitological data from 500 subjects, analyzed them by conventional statistics, and produced risk maps by Kernel estimation. The prevalence rates found were: S. mansoni (24.0%), Trichuris trichiura (54.8%), Ascaris lumbricoides (49.2%), Hookworm (17.6%) and Entamoeba histolytica (7.0%). Only 59/500 (11.8%) individuals did not present any of these infections, whereas 279/500 (55.8%) were simultaneously infected by three or more parasites. We observed associations between S. mansoni infection and various variables such as male gender, being rice farmer or fisherman, low educational level, low income, water contact and drinking untreated water. The Kernel estimator indicated that high-risk areas coincide with the poorest regions of the villages as well as with the part of the villages without an adequate sewage system. We also noted associations between both A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections with low education and low income. A. lumbricoides infection and T. trichiura infection were both associated with drinking untreated water and residential open-air sewage. These findings call for an integrated approach to effectively control multiple parasitic infections.

Salmonella typhimurium Infection Reduces Schistosoma japonicum Worm Burden in Mice

“…virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan and helminth) is a common occurrence in humans 1–4 , and this is estimated to exceed one sixth of the global population 5 . People infected with multiple helminths reached over 800 million 6 , mostly of which occurred in developing countries 7 . Other microorganisms, including Salmonellae 8 , Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9 , Helicobacter pylori 10 , human immunodeficiency virus 11 , hepatitis C virus 12 , dengue virus 13 etc, are also involved in coinfections.…”

Anaemia and parasitic infections in riverside community of the Brazilian Amazon

“…(11) As infecções por parasitas, geralmente, estão relacionadas com a falta de condições higiênicas, tais como: a não lavagem das mãos, falta de tratamento da água e de saneamento básico, o hábito de andar descalço e roer as unhas, a não alimentação de alimentos frescos e bem cozidos, entre outros. (7,9,12,13) Esses costumes considerados como fatores de riscos são amplamente encontrados entre as famílias ribeirinhas.…”

“…As associações entre as parasitoses estão relacionadas com as similaridades entre os mecanismos de transmissão dos agentes, o que faz com que a presença dessas patologias seja um bom indicador da desigualdade social e das precárias condições sanitárias, presentes nas comunidades ribeirinhas. (12) Parasitoses podem causar anemia, diarreia e má absorção de nutrientes, afetando aspectos nutricionais e podendo ocasionar danos nos processos cognitivos.…”

Understanding wetlands reclamation and soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis incidence patterns in Rwanda (2001-2012)

“…A plausible explanation for this is that in Rwanda there is low variability in levels of school attendance, access to improved water sources, proper sanitation, and wearing of shoes (Rollemberg et al, 2015;Schmidlin et al, 2013). In Rwanda, conditions have much improved as a result of significant policy achievements in the last two decades (MINECOFIN, 2015;United Nations, 2000).…”

“…The association with irrigation projects is well scrutinized by Steinmann, Keiser, Bos, Tanner, and Utzinger (2006) in their systematic review of the relation between schistosomiasis occurrence and irrigated areas in some African countries. Specific socio-economic conditions such as educational attainment, access to improved water sources, and proper sanitation, are also known to be related to S. mansoni infection in endemic areas (Rollemberg et al, 2015;Schmidlin et al, 2013).…”