Precise point positioning performance in the presence of the 28 October 2003 sudden increase in total electron content

Rodríguez-Bilbao, I.; Radicella, S. M.; Rodríguez‐Caderot, G.; Herráiz, M.

doi:10.1002/2015sw001201

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Reconnection is the key driver of many important aspects of space weather both on the solar side and on Earth's side. In the solar corona (the Sun's hot and tenuous atmosphere), reconnection enables solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) [Priest and Forbes, 2002], the most energetic events in the solar system; indeed, it is in this context that reconnection was discovered in the 1940s. Shown in Figure 2a is a schematic diagram capturing the role of reconnection for a particular type of flare.…”

Section: Magnetic Reconnection and Space Weathermentioning

confidence: 99%

Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

Cassak¹

2016

Space Weather

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The motivation for the recently launched Magnetospheric Multiscale mission is learning about the process of magnetic reconnection, especially the physics of what is called the diffusion region. The diffusion region is often treated as a black box but is the home of very important physics, which is of great significance to understanding space weather. This article is a brief review of what is known-and not known-about the diffusion region in magnetic reconnection, written for the broad space weather community and its stakeholders (with an appendix for readers interested in more technical matters). The focus is on the physics of magnetic reconnection and the diffusion region, why it has been challenging to study, how MMS will contribute, and how the community will benefit from its measurements. Setting the StageNASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission was successfully launched on 12 March 2015. The mission was conceived to help understand the somewhat mysterious process called magnetic reconnection. While it is widely appreciated that magnetic reconnection plays a crucial role in space weather (it is discussed in more than 70 Space Weather Journal articles), the many stakeholders of space weather may not be familiar with the process, why understanding it is useful for science and for space weather applications, and how MMS will contribute. The goal of this brief review is to offer clarity on these questions to the space weather community, its industrial stakeholders, and to policy makers. What Is Magnetic Reconnection?Magnetic reconnection, often simply referred to as reconnection, is a process that takes place in gases of sufficiently high temperature that electrons can remain apart from their nuclei. Such gases are called plasmas, and they naturally occur in every star in the universe and most of the regions between stars and between planets. They also can be produced on Earth; fluorescent light bulbs, TV and computer screens, and neon lights all contain plasmas. Plasmas are also important to the pursuit of energy production through fusion, where gases are made to be hot enough that their nuclei stick together when they collide.Many plasmas, including those in stars and in interstellar and interplanetary space, are accompanied by a magnetic field; magnetic fields in plasmas are important because they interact strongly with the charged particles in plasmas, whereas they hardly have any effect on neutral gases such as the air we breathe. In the simplest description of a plasma (called magnetohydrodynamics, which is simply a description of a plasma as if it was a fluid like water except that it interacts with magnetic fields), one can show that magnetic field lines retain their identity. This means that one can follow magnetic field lines as they effectively move through space with their surrounding plasma.While appealing due to its simplicity, the model is grossly oversimplified. It turns out that magnetic field lines, when they point in opposite directions in a small region of space, can effectively...

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Section: Magnetic Reconnection and Space Weathermentioning

confidence: 99%

Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

Cassak¹

2016

Space Weather

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“…The GEM Challenge study revealed that adding the Hall term into resistive MHD gives reconnection rates comparable to those of kinetic simulations, while not including it leads to resistive reconnection. One explanation for this is that the Hall term leads to faster fl ows at small scales (it is dispersive), which leads to an open exhaust and therefore faster reconnection [Rogers et al, 2001], though this interpretation remains controversial [Liu et al, 2014]. Thus, while not being the effect that breaks fi eld lines, the Hall effect can be very important.…”

Section: Fluid Description Of the Diffusion Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the solar corona (the Sun's hot and tenuous atmosphere), reconnection enables solar fl ares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) [Priest and Forbes, 2002], the most energetic events in the solar system; indeed, it is in this context that reconnection was discovered in the 1940s. Shown in Figure 2a is a schematic diagram capturing the role of reconnection for a particular type of fl are.…”

Section: Magnetic Reconnection and Space Weathermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the plasma impacts the solar surface, it gives off the radiation we detect as a solar fl are (including visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, radio waves, and sometimes gamma rays). When X-rays produced during fl ares reach the outer layers of Earth's atmosphere, they ionize more particles than usual in the ionosphere [Hernández-Pajares et al, 2012], which alters the propagation of waves used for radars, communications, and-in severe events-those used in the global positioning system (GPS) [Rodríguez-Bilbao et al, 2015]. Reconnection in solar fl ares is also a source of (impulsive) solar energetic particles (SEPs) [Cane et al, 1986]; these energetic particles have a space weather impact when they damage spacecraft components such as solar cells and when they interfere with radio transmission on Earth.…”

Section: Magnetic Reconnection and Space Weathermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMS may provide data on the nature and prevalence of magnetic bubbles produced during reconnection, known as fl ux transfer events on the dayside magnetopause [Russell and Elphic, 1979]. In the magnetotail, MMS will help understand the nature of energy release in substorms, which is now understood to be bursty and localized in dipolarization fronts (also known as reconnection jet fronts) and bursty bulk fl ows [Angelopoulos et al, 1992;Runov et al, 2009;Sitnov et al, 2009].…”

Section: What Will Be Gained From Mmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Untitled

2016

Space Weather Quarterly

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How modernized and strengthened GPS signals enhance the system performance during solar radio bursts

Yasyukevich

Astafyeva

2021

GPS Solut

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A Solar Radio Burst (SRB) is one of the most severe natural hazards affecting the performance of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Considering the influence of different threat factors, the GNSS developers upgrade the systems to amend the accuracy and noise-proof features of the systems. In particular, GPS gradually replaces "old" satellites (GPS IIA, GPS IIR-A, GPS IIR-B) with new-generation equipment (GPS IIR-M, GPS IIF, GPS III) featured by an increase in the emitted signal power at L2 frequency and by new civilian codes. In this work, based on examples of the extreme SRB of September 24, 2011, and the severe SRB of September 6, 2017, we study how such modernization can improve the GPS system performance during solar flares accompanied by intense SRB. We recorded SRB-related drops in signal strength (S), which were 7.5/0 dB-Hz for the S1C, 10/7 dB-Hz for the S2X, 17/8 dB-Hz for the S2W and 9/7.5 for the S5/S5X in 2011/2017 correspondingly. The drop in the S2W signal strength for the modernized blocks was comparable in amplitude to those of the "old" blocks. However, the modernized IIR-M/IIF blocks were featured by about 5 dB-Hz higher signal strength. This resulted in a double and triple decrease in loss-of-lock density for the IIR-M/IIF satellites in 2011 and 2017, respectively, as compared to IIA/IIR-A during SRBs. Therefore, the increase in the emitted signal power and new civilian codes potentially enhance the stability of the GPS operation.

show abstract

Precise point positioning performance in the presence of the 28 October 2003 sudden increase in total electron content

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

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How modernized and strengthened GPS signals enhance the system performance during solar radio bursts

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