“…To maintain positive perceptions of their TPACK self-efficacy, and thus improving their technology use, student teachers should be provided with proper CALL training to develop their CALL self-efficacy (Ersanli, 2016;Fathi & Ebadi, 2020). Moreover, teacher educators should frequently utilize CALL in their classes so that student teachers can be exposed to various experiences of CALL integration (Kessler & Hubbard, 2017;Mei et al, 2017;Park & Son, 2020;Son, 2018). According to Kessler (2018), it is highly important that formal teacher education encompasses proper means to provide prospective teachers with the abilities to use technology and to boost their mindset to critically evaluate their technology use for teaching and learning.…”