Pre-eclampsia: a Scoping Review of Risk Factors and Suggestions for Future Research Direction

Abstract

Most of maternal deaths are preventable, and one-quarter of maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Prenatal screening is essential for detecting and managing pre-eclampsia. However, pre-eclampsia screening is solely based on maternal risk factors and has low (< 5% in the USA) detection rates. This review looks at pre-eclampsia from engineering, public health, and medical points of view. First, pre-eclampsia is defined clinically, and the biological basis of established risk factors is described. The multiple theories behind pre-eclampsia etiology should serve as the scientific basis behind established risk factors for pre-eclampsia; however, African American race does not have sufficient evidence as a risk factor. We then briefly describe predictive statistical models that have been created to improve screening detection rates, which use a combination of biophysical and biochemical biomarkers, as well as aspects of patient medical history as inputs. Lastly, technologies that aid in advancing pre-eclampsia screening worldwide are explored. The review concludes with suggestions for more robust pre-eclampsia research, which includes diversifying study sites, improving biomarker analytical tools, and for researchers to consider studying patients before they become pregnant to improve pre-eclampsia detection rates. Additionally, researchers must acknowledge the systemic racism involved in using race as a risk factor and include qualitative measures in study designs to capture the effects of racism on patients. Lay Summary Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder that can affect almost every organ system and complicates 2–8% of pregnancies globally. Here, we focus on the biological basis of the risk factors that have been identified for the condition. African American race currently does not have sufficient evidence as a risk factor and has been poorly studied. Current clinical methods poorly predict a patient’s likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia; thus, researchers have made statistical models that are briefly described in this review. Then, low-cost technologies that aid in advancing pre-eclampsia screening are discussed. The review ends with suggestions for research direction to improve pre-eclampsia screening in all settings. Overall, we suggest that the future of pre-eclampsia screening should aim to identify those at risk before they become pregnant. We also suggest that the clinical standard of assessing patient risk solely on patient characteristics needs to be reevaluated, that study locations of pre-eclampsia research need to be expanded beyond a few high-income countries, and that low-cost technologies should be developed to increase access to prenatal screening.

Polygenic Risk Score and Risk Factors for Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension

“…Evidence suggests that the administration of low-dose aspirin initiated before 16 weeks' gestation significantly reduces the rate of preterm preeclampsia [36]. Therefore, it is important to identify women at high risk of preeclampsia and other GHD during the first trimester of pregnancy, or before they become pregnant, thus allowing timely therapeutic interventions [1].…”

“…In fact, GHD constitute the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and even mortality. About one-quarter of all global maternal deaths are due to GHD [1]. The lack of precision in diagnosing GHD makes it difficult to estimate global prevalence accurately, but recent reports have pointed to an increase in the prevalence of GHD, specifically preeclampsia.…”

“…Prediction performance for late gestation preeclampsia is even less accurate, further demonstrating the inefficient nature of these diagnostic criteria. More accurate clinical tests exist to predict preterm GHD or preeclampsia, but due to the high costs of implementation, universal access is hard to implement [1,7]. A significant unmet need remains for predictive screening tests to reduce the disease burden associated with late-onset, severe GHD.…”

Hyperuricemia as a predictor and screening tool for preeclampsia

“…(6,7) La preeclampsia se puede complicar aproximadamente entre el 2 % y 8 % de los embarazos alrededor del mundo. (8) En América Latina la morbilidad perinatal es del 8 % al 45 %, mientras que la mortalidad es del 1 % al 33 % aproximadamente. (9) El ácido úrico es producto del catabolismo de las purinas, y se relaciona con la disfunción endotelial, que es la principal característica del desarrollo de la preeclampsia.…”

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in the Covid -19 Pandemic

“…Специфическим для беременности гипертоническим расстройством, которое может повлиять почти на каждую систему организма женщины, является преэклампсия. Риск преэклампсии у женщин с гипертонией до беременности выше, чем у женщин без гипертонии (17-25% против 3-5%), и коррелирует с продолжительностью артериальной гипертензии [1,8]. В 2019 г., помимо известных факторов риска гипертензивных расстройств беременных, появился новый вероятный фактор -инфекция SARS-CoV-2, влияние которой на течение беременности коморбидных женщин, несмотря на многочисленные исследования, остается неоднозначным [9].…”