Pre-adapted to the maritime Antarctic? – Rapid cold hardening of the midge, Eretmoptera murphyi

Everatt, M.J.; Worland, M. R.; Bale, J. S.; Convey, Peter; Hayward, Scott A. L.

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.05.009

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, larvae of B. antarctica are capable of undergoing RCH at subzero temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids (present study; Lee et al, 2006b;Teets et al, 2008). Similarly, in the subantarctic midge, Eretmoptera murphyi, the RCH response in supercooled larvae extends the lower limit of freeze tolerance (Everatt et al, 2012). In addition, other freeze-intolerant species of Antarctic arthropods, namely collembolans and mites, can swiftly increase their cold tolerance by decreasing their supercooling point antarctica.…”

Section: Discussion Rch At Subzero Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…In the present study, we demonstrated that RCH in frozen larvae could be induced at temperatures as low as -12°C, which is the lowest temperature known to induce the RCH response (Fig.2A). This ability of B. antarctica to undergo RCH while frozen differs from that of E. murphyi, in which only supercooled larvae exhibit the RCH response (Everatt et al, 2012). The lack of an RCH response in frozen larvae of E. murphyi suggests that internal ice formation inhibits the RCH response in this species (Everatt et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussion Rch At Subzero Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 92%

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The protective effect of rapid cold-hardening develops more quickly in frozen versus supercooled larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica

Kawarasaki

Teets

Denlinger

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYDuring the austral summer, larvae of the terrestrial midge Belgica antarctica (Diptera: Chironomidae) experience highly variable and often unpredictable thermal conditions. In addition to remaining freeze tolerant year-round, larvae are capable of swiftly increasing their cold tolerance through the rapid cold-hardening (RCH) response. The present study compared the induction of RCH in frozen versus supercooled larvae. At the same induction temperature, RCH occurred more rapidly and conferred a greater level of cryoprotection in frozen versus supercooled larvae. Furthermore, RCH in frozen larvae could be induced at temperatures as low as -12°C, which is the lowest temperature reported to induce RCH. Remarkably, as little as 15min at -5°C significantly enhanced larval cold tolerance. Not only is protection from RCH acquired swiftly, but it is also quickly lost after thawing for 2h at 2°C. Because the primary difference between frozen and supercooled larvae is cellular dehydration caused by freeze concentration of body fluids, we also compared the effects of acclimation in dehydrated versus frozen larvae. Because slow dehydration without chilling significantly increased larval survival to a subsequent cold exposure, we hypothesize that cellular dehydration caused by freeze concentration promotes the rapid acquisition of cold tolerance in frozen larvae.

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Section: Discussion Rch At Subzero Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussion Rch At Subzero Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 92%

The protective effect of rapid cold-hardening develops more quickly in frozen versus supercooled larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica

Kawarasaki

Teets

Denlinger

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…It is well known that faster cooling rates reduce 271 the survival of freeze-tolerant species, raise the SCP of freeze-avoiding species, and reduce the 272 capacity of these animals to respond to chilling injury (Sinclair et al 2003). RCH, the LLT of E. murphyi larvae decreased by up to 6.5 o C, and survival of larvae of the same 283 species was maintained above 80% for at least 22 h at the DT (Everatt et al 2012). 284 RCH also impacts on sub-lethal characteristics, including at temperatures above 0°C.…”

Section: Acclimation and Cooling Rates 256mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, physiological approaches must be guided by more detailed studies of current 792 microclimate conditions, and models forecasting rates of environmental change, to better predict 793 winners and losers under different climate scenarios. A greater threat to survival may in fact be 794 competition from newly colonising species -and investigating the physiological 'suitability' of 795 species whose distribution boundaries place them on the doorstep of polar environments is another 796 important research objective (Everatt et al 2012;Frenot et al 2005). 797…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective

Everatt

Convey

Bale

et al. 2015

Journal of Thermal Biology

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16As small bodied poikilothermic ectotherms, invertebrates, more so than any other animal 17 group, are susceptible to extremes of temperature and low water availability. In few places is 18 this more apparent than in the Arctic and Antarctic, where low temperatures predominate and 19 water is unusable during winter and unavailable for parts of summer. Polar terrestrial 20invertebrates express a suite of physiological, biochemical and genomic features in response to 21 these stressors. However, the situation is not as simple as responding to each stressor in 22 isolation, as they are often faced in combination. We consider how polar terrestrial 23 invertebrates manage this scenario in light of their physiology and ecology. Climate change is 24 also leading to warmer summers in parts of the polar regions, concomitantly increasing the 25 potential for drought. The interaction between high temperature and low water availability, and 26 the invertebrates' response to them, are therefore also explored. 27 28

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“…It is possible that E. murphyi possesses similar physiological adaptations that underlie its high level of desiccation tolerance. Indeed, the capacity to which they respond to temperature is very similar (Lee et al 2006;Everatt et al 2012). …”

Section: Desiccation Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting strategies of resistance vs. tolerance to desiccation in two polar dipterans

et al. 2014

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Low water availability is one of the principal stressors for terrestrial invertebrates in the polar regions, determining the survival of individuals, the success of species and the composition of communities. The Arctic and Antarctic dipterans Heleomyza borealis and Eretmoptera murphyi spend the majority of their biennial life cycles as larvae, and so are exposed to the full range of environmental conditions, including low water availability, over the annual cycle. In the current study, the desiccation resistance and desiccation tolerance of larvae were investigated, as well as their capacity for crosstolerance to temperature stress. Larvae of H. borealis showed high levels of desiccation resistance, only losing 6.9% of their body water after 12 days at 98.2% relative humidity (RH). In contrast, larvae of E. murphyi lost 46.7% of their body water after 12 days at the same RH. Survival of E. murphyi larvae remained high in spite of this loss ( 80% survival). Following exposure to 98.2% RH, larvae of E. murphyi showed enhanced survival at (188C for 2 h. The supercooling point of larvae of both species was also lowered following prior treatment at 98.2% RH. Cross-tolerance to high temperatures (37 or 38.58C) was not noted following desiccation in E. murphyi, and survival even fell at 378C following a 12-day pre-treatment. The current study demonstrates two different strategies of responding to low water availability in the polar regions and indicates the potential for cross-tolerance, a capacity which is likely to be beneficial in the ever-changing polar climate.

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Pre-adapted to the maritime Antarctic? – Rapid cold hardening of the midge, Eretmoptera murphyi

Cited by 28 publications

References 37 publications

The protective effect of rapid cold-hardening develops more quickly in frozen versus supercooled larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica

The protective effect of rapid cold-hardening develops more quickly in frozen versus supercooled larvae of the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica

Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective

Contrasting strategies of resistance vs. tolerance to desiccation in two polar dipterans

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