Practice effects in healthy adults: A longitudinal study on frequent repetitive cognitive testing

Bartels, Claudia; Wegrzyn, Martin; Wiedl, Anne; Ackermann, Verena; Ehrenreich, Hannelore

doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-118

Cited by 313 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…However, it is considered moderate in verbal fluency tasks [36] and especially in MS patients [18]. Moreover, it is worth noting that this effect is supposed to be more important during the first re-test than at subsequent evaluations [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Fluencies and Fampridine Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis

Magnin¹,

Sagawa²,

Chamard³

et al. 2015

Eur Neurol

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Background/Aims: Fampridine is sometimes reported to improve cognition and especially the information-processing speed. Motor improvement might be a confounding factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fampridine on verbal fluencies in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Fifty MS patients were included in a prospective monocentric open label trial with a mean Expanded Disability Status Scale of 5.3 ± 1.1. Assessments of verbal phonological and semantic fluencies were repeated twice (within 1 week) before fampridine treatment and twice after fampridine treatment in order to have the maximal practice effect. Gait velocity and fatigue (visual analogical scale) were also assessed. Distribution into gait responders, gait non-responders, fluency responders and fluency non-responders, was described. Results: Verbal fluencies were significantly higher after fampridine treatment. No correlation was observed between phonological fluency improvement and semantic fluency improvement. Gait responders and gait non-responders did not present significant differences in verbal fluency performance and fatigue score. No correlation between gait velocity improvement and fatigue improvement compared with verbal fluency improvement was observed. Conclusion: Our results suggest that fampridine could have a selective procognitive effect on phonological fluency in MS, even in the gait non-responder patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Fluencies and Fampridine Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis

Magnin¹,

Sagawa²,

Chamard³

et al. 2015

Eur Neurol

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“…However, few placebo effects and PEs were reported during sham stimulation in hf-rTMS studies on healthy subjects [7] , AD [6] and PPA patients [9 , 10] . Moreover, PE is considered as moderate (<16%) especially in linguistic tasks (<5%) in healthy subject with high-frequency testing (2, 6 and 9 weeks and 3 months) [36] . Several studies have demonstrated that PE is largely absent in patients with neurodegenerative disease and dementia, even for short test-retest intervals [37][38][39][40] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Logopenic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Case Report

Béreau¹,

Magnin

Nicolier

et al. 2016

Eur Neurol

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Background/Aims: High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (hf-rTMS) improves language skills in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report the use of hf-rTMS in a patient with logopenic primary progressive aphasia (LPPA) due to AD. Method: hf-rTMS was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of a LPPA patient. Cerebral perfusion, neuropsychological and linguistic performances were evaluated before and 1 month after hf-rTMS. Results: The tolerance was good. Improvements on linguistic (fluency, naming, lesser paraphasia) and cognitive skills (Mini Mental State Examination, verbal memory free recall, speed processing) and cerebral perfusion were observed. Conclusion: hf-rTMS can be used in LPPA patients. A procognitive effect persisting several weeks after stimulation in LPPA patients was suggested and should therefore be evaluated in a clinical trial as an adjunctive therapeutic tool.

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“…Order counterbalancing in typical pharmacological imaging studies effectively intermixes practice effects with drug order, and potentially modulates the brain-behavior effects researchers seek to identify. Although practice effects are well acknowledged in the broader DA and cognitive literatures (36)(37)(38), understanding of these effects is limited. DA is typically associated with various forms of learning (9,10,13,14,39), but data on how DA modulation interacts with practice remain sparse.…”

Section: Amph-related Relations Between Sd Bold and Wm Performance As Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphetamine modulates brain signal variability and working memory in younger and older adults

Garrett

Nagel

Preuschhof

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

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Better-performing younger adults typically express greater brain signal variability relative to older, poorer performers. Mechanisms for age and performance-graded differences in brain dynamics have, however, not yet been uncovered. Given the age-related decline of the dopamine (DA) system in normal cognitive aging, DA neuromodulation is one plausible mechanism. Hence, agents that boost systemic DA [such as d-amphetamine (AMPH)] may help to restore deficient signal variability levels. Furthermore, despite the standard practice of counterbalancing drug session order (AMPH first vs. placebo first), it remains understudied how AMPH may interact with practice effects, possibly influencing whether DA up-regulation is functional. We examined the effects of AMPH on functional-MRI-based blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability (SD BOLD ) in younger and older adults during a working memory task (letter n-back). Older adults expressed lower brain signal variability at placebo, but met or exceeded young adult SD BOLD levels in the presence of AMPH. Drug session order greatly moderated change-change relations between AMPH-driven SD BOLD and reaction time means (RT mean ) and SDs (RT SD ). Older adults who received AMPH in the first session tended to improve in RT mean and RT SD when SD BOLD was boosted on AMPH, whereas younger and older adults who received AMPH in the second session showed either a performance improvement when SD BOLD decreased (for RT mean ) or no effect at all (for RT SD ). The present findings support the hypothesis that age differences in brain signal variability reflect aging-induced changes in dopaminergic neuromodulation. The observed interactions among AMPH, age, and session order highlight the state-and practice-dependent neurochemical basis of human brain dynamics.brain signal variability | dopamine | aging | working memory | fMRI H uman brain signals are characteristically variable and dynamic, at a variety of timescales and levels of analysis (1, 2). For decades, age-related cognitive deficits have been conceptualized as due to various forms of "noisy," inefficient neural processing (3, 4). However, the preponderance of available neuroimaging work on brain signal variability and aging indicates that healthy, higher performing, younger adults typically express more signal variability across trials and time in a variety of cortical regions relative to older, poorer performers (2, 5-7). Theoretical and computational explanations of this finding include notions such as flexibility/adaptability, dynamic range, Bayesian optimality, and multistability (2), but empirically supported mechanisms for age and performance-graded differences in human brain signal dynamics are not yet available. Dopamine (DA) neuromodulation may provide one such mechanism.DA neuromodulation is a leading mechanistic candidate for age-related cognitive losses (8-10). Concurrent with substantia nigra and ventral tegmental DA neuron loss, D 1 and D 2 receptor densities reduce notably from early to late adulthood acro...

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Practice effects in healthy adults: A longitudinal study on frequent repetitive cognitive testing

Cited by 313 publications

References 52 publications

Verbal Fluencies and Fampridine Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis

Verbal Fluencies and Fampridine Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis

Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Logopenic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Case Report

Amphetamine modulates brain signal variability and working memory in younger and older adults

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